Loi n. 491 du 24 novembre 1948, Quotation and Press-Review Exceptions

Article 15 permits a topical article on economic, political or religious discussion to be reproduced by the press unless reproduction of it is expressly reserved, with the source always to be clearly indicated; short quotations from newspaper articles and periodical collections are permitted even in the form of a press review.

Article 16 permits publishing borrowings from a literary or artistic work, with the source and author named, where the publication has a scientific or educational character or constitutes an anthology (chrestomathie).

Article 21 defines counterfeiting (contrefacon) as any publication, reproduction or other divulgation, whole or partial, of a literary or artistic work made in bad faith and in disregard of the author's patrimonial or moral rights, expressly including an adaptation or arrangement that keeps a work's characteristic features without itself presenting the character of a new original work.

Article 23 punishes counterfeiting with the fine under Code penal article 26 chiffre 3, and Article 24 applies the same penalty to distributing, exhibiting, importing or exporting a counterfeit work. Article 28 makes prosecution for an offence under this law conditional on a complaint by the author or his successors in title.

The law carries no text-and-data-mining exception or machine-readable opt-out mechanism, and a reproduction of a literary or artistic work outside the closed exceptions of Articles 15 and 16 requires the author's authorization under the general reproduction right of Article 3.