Pakistan

Section 19A(1) makes it an offence to intentionally produce, offer, make available, distribute, or transmit through an information system, or procure for oneself or another, or without lawful justification possess, material in an information system that visually depicts a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct, a person appearing to be a minor engaged in such conduct, a realistic image representing a minor engaged in such conduct, or that discloses the identity of the minor.

Clause (c), covering a realistic image representing a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct, is not limited to a photograph of a real child and on its own terms reaches a realistic computer-generated or AI-generated depiction. The offence carries imprisonment up to seven years or a fine up to Rs 5,000,000, or both. Subsection (2) lets an aggrieved person, or a minor's guardian, apply to the Authority for removal, destruction, or blocking of the material.

The retrieved text is the version as passed by the National Assembly, which does not itself carry the President's assent date or Gazette publication date.

Section 3 punishes whoever, with dishonest intention, gains unauthorized access to any information system or data, with imprisonment up to three months or a fine up to Rs 50,000, or both.

"Unauthorized access" is defined in section 2 as access to an information system or data that is not available for access by the general public, without authorization or in violation of the terms and conditions of the authorization, so information the general public may access is excluded from the offence on its own terms.

Section 5 separately punishes interfering with or damaging an information system or data without authorization, with imprisonment up to two years or a fine up to Rs 500,000, or both. Section 6 punishes the same conduct as section 3 where the information system or data is critical infrastructure, with a higher tier of imprisonment up to three years or a fine up to Rs 1,000,000, or both.

The retrieved text is the version as passed by the National Assembly, which does not itself carry the President's assent date or Gazette publication date.

Section 57(1) permits fair dealing for research or private study and for criticism or review, among a short, closed list of purposes that do not constitute an infringement of copyright. That same closed list separately permits fair dealing for reporting current events, but only in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, or by broadcast, in a cinematographic work, or by means of photographs.

The rest of the list covers reproduction for a judicial proceeding, publication of a report of a political address, a certified copy made under another law, public reading of a reasonable extract, and reproduction of short passages in an educational, non-copyright collection.

The list is closed and does not include text-and-data-mining, machine learning, or any computer-based analysis of a work's text or data, so section 57 gives no statutory ground for training a model on scraped copyrighted text. Copyright infringement outside these exceptions is punishable under section 66 with imprisonment up to three years or a fine up to Rs 100,000, or both. Section 1(3) defers the Ordinance's own commencement to a later Gazette notification not reproduced in the text read.

Section 13(3) provides that entitlement to copyright in a compilation of data or other material does not extend to the data or other material itself, and is without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in that data or material separately; the compilation's copyright subsists only to the extent of the compilation.

Pakistan confers no sui generis database right of the kind the EU Database Directive creates: a scraper that takes the underlying data or material out of a Pakistani compilation, without reproducing the compiler's own selection or arrangement, does not infringe the compilation copyright on this provision's own terms.

Section 57(1)(b) excludes from copyright infringement a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purpose of reporting current events, in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, or by broadcast, in a cinematographic work, or by means of photographs.

The clause names specific media of the kind current in 1962 and does not in terms name a website, online publication, or internet news service, so whether a Pakistani or foreign news aggregator's online reproduction of headlines or snippets falls inside this exception has not been tested and is not addressed by the text itself. Section 1(3) defers the Ordinance's own commencement to a later Gazette notification not reproduced in the text read.