Law / Scraping

Scraping law, instrument by instrument

Every scraping law instrument LexLint holds, grouped by the place that made it. Choose which stages of law to show: the map, the counts and the tables all answer to that choice. To see every area of law, follow Law in the breadcrumb above.

Where scraping law applies, at the stages chosen below. A darker fill means more instruments at those stages. Point at, click, or tab to a place for the scraping law that applies there.
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  • instruments shown
  • law on file, none at these stages
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The United States is drawn as its states; its federal instruments are a row group in Countries below.

Stages of law

Stages of law to show

498 instruments in 245 places.

No commencement date on file for 177.

Unions1 in 1 place

Law made above the state, binding its members.

Stage Instrument In force from
European Union eu 1 instrument
DSM Directive, Article 4 (text-and-data-mining exception and rights reservation)Directive (EU) 2019/790, Article 4 2021-06-07

Countries403 in 192 places

One row group per country, alphabetically.

Stage Instrument In force from
Afghanistan af 1 instrument
Penal Code, Part Twelve, Chapter One (Cyber Crimes and Punishment)Penal Code of Afghanistan (2017), Part Twelve, Chapter One (Cyber Crimes and Punishment), arts. 851-859 2018-02-15
Albania al 2 instruments
Copyright Law, Sui Generis Database Producers RightsLaw No. 35/2016 On Copyright and Related Rights, Arts. 119-126 (Sui Generis Protection of Database Producers Rights) not recorded
Criminal Code, Interference in the Computer TransmissionsCriminal Code of the Republic of Albania (approved by Law No. 7895/1995, as amended by Law No. 8733/2001), Art. 192/b not recorded
Algeria dz 3 instruments
Code pénal, atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de donnéesOrdonnance n° 66-156 du 8 juin 1966 portant code pénal, articles 394 bis à 394 noniès, insérés par la loi n° 04-15 du 10 novembre 2004 (JO n° 71) 2004-11-10
Loi n° 09-04 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre les infractions liées aux technologies de l'information et de la communicationLoi n° 09-04 du 5 août 2009 portant règles particulières relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre les infractions liées aux technologies de l'information et de la communication, Journal officiel n° 47 2009-08-05
Ordonnance n° 03-05, protection des bases de donnéesOrdonnance n° 03-05 du 19 juillet 2003, art. 5 (bases de données) 2003-07-19
Andorra ad 2 instruments
Copyright and Neighboring Rights Law, Database and Collection ProtectionLlei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns (Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights), approved 10 June 1999, arts. 3-4, 14 (Derivative Works and Collections; Subject Matter Not Protected; Free Use of Data Bases) 1999-07-07
Penal Code, Attacks on Information SystemsCodi penal, Llei 9/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada del Codi penal, as consolidated, art. 225 (Atacs contra els sistemes d'informació) not recorded
Angola ao 1 instrument
Penal Code, Unauthorised Access to an Information SystemCódigo Penal de Angola, art. 438.º (Acesso Ilegítimo a Sistema de Informação), Lei n.º 38/20 de 11 de Novembro de 2020 not recorded
Antigua and Barbuda ag 2 instruments
Copyright Act, 2003, fair dealing and database compilationCopyright Act, 2003 (No. 22 of 2003), ss. 15, 52-54 not recorded
Electronic Crimes Act, 2013, access and interferenceElectronic Crimes Act, 2013 (No. 14 of 2013), s. 3 not recorded
Argentina ar 3 instruments
Código Penal, art. 153 bis, unauthorized access to a restricted computer system or dataCódigo Penal (Ley 11.179, texto ordenado), art. 153 bis, incorporated by Ley N° 26.388 (B.O. 25/6/2008) 2008-06-25
Ley 11.723, art. 10, quotation exceptionLey 11.723, Régimen Legal de la Propiedad Intelectual, art. 10 1933-09-30
Ley 25.326, personal data reached by scrapingLey 25.326, Ley de Protección de los Datos Personales, arts. 2 and 5 2000-10-30
Armenia am 2 instruments
Copyright Law, sui generis database rightLaw of the Republic of Armenia on Copyright and Related Rights, Law No. AL-142 (2006, as amended), Arts. 58-60 not recorded
Criminal Code, unauthorised computer access and illegal appropriation of dataCriminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, Law No. HO-199-N (2021), Arts. 359, 362 2022-07-01
Australia au 3 instruments
Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), Fair Dealing Exceptions and No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionCopyright Act 1968 (Cth), No. 63, 1968, ss. 10, 40, 41, 41A, 42 not recorded
Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Part 10.7, Unauthorised Access to Restricted DataCriminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Schedule (the Criminal Code), Part 10.7, ss. 476.2, 478.1 2001-12-21
Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), Reach Over Scraped Personal InformationPrivacy Act 1988 (Cth), No. 119, 1988, Schedule 1, Australian Privacy Principles 3 and 6, read with s. 6 1989-01-01
Austria at 4 instruments
StGB Sections 118a and 126a to 126c, Computer-Misuse OffensesStGB Sec. 118a, 126a-126c, BGBl. Nr. 60/1974 as amended 2002-10-01
UWG Section 1, General Unfair Commercial Practices ClauseUWG Sec. 1, BGBl. Nr. 448/1984 2022-07-20
UrhG Section 42h, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionUrhG Sec. 42h, BGBl. Nr. 111/1936 as amended by BGBl. I Nr. 244/2021 2022-01-01
UrhG Sections 76c to 76e, Sui Generis Database RightUrhG Sec. 76c-76e, BGBl. Nr. 111/1936 1998-01-01
Azerbaijan az 4 instruments
Copyright and Related Rights Law, database exclusion and enforcement remediesLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan On Copyright and Related Rights, Law No. 115-IQ (5 June 1996, as amended through Law No. 817-VIQD of 17 February 2023), Arts. 17, 19, 24, 44-47 1996-10-23
Criminal Code, unauthorised access, illegal interception, and system interferenceCriminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (approved by Law No. 787-IQ of 30 December 1999), Arts. 271-273 2000-09-01
Law on Legal Protection of Compilations of Data, sui generis database rightLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Legal Protection of Compilations of Data, No. 755-IIQ (14 September 2004, as amended through Law No. 639-IVQD of 30 April 2013), Arts. 6, 9, 10, 13 2004-11-11
Law on Personal Data, open-category personal data and scraped public informationLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Personal Data, Law No. 998-IIIQ (11 May 2010, as amended through 2023), Arts. 5.3, 9.6 2010-05-11
Bahrain bh 2 instruments
Copyright Law, Database Compilation ProtectionLaw No. 22 of 2006, Arts. 3-4 (Database Compilation) not recorded
Copyright Law, Quotation ExceptionLaw No. 22 of 2006, Art. 21 (Quotation Exception) not recorded
Bangladesh bd 2 instruments
Copyright Act, 2023, database protectionCopyright Act, 2023, Act No. 34 of 2023, s.2(11), s.2(16) (database as a protected work) 2023-09-18
Cyber Security Act, 2026, unauthorised access to a computer systemCyber Security Act, 2026, Act No. 81 of 2026, s.18 (illegal entry into computer, digital device, computer system or network) 2025-05-21
Barbados bb 3 instruments
Computer Misuse Act, illegal accessComputer Misuse Act, Cap. 124B, s. 4 (Illegal Access) 2005-07-18
Copyright Act, fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, Cap. 300 (Act 1998-4, as amended by Act 2006-1), ss. 51-53 (Fair Dealing) 1998-08-14
Data Protection Act, 2019, reach over scraped personal dataData Protection Act, 2019 (Act 2019-29) 2021-03-26
Belarus by 2 instruments
Criminal Code, Crimes Against Computer SecurityCriminal Code No. 275-Z of 9 July 1999, arts. 349, 350, 352, 354 and 355 (as amended to 2023) 2001-01-01
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Database Right and Software ExceptionsLaw No. 262-Z of 17 May 2011, arts. 14 and 39, on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended) 2011-12-01
Belgium be 2 instruments
Code de droit économique, article XI.190, 20°, exception de fouille de textes et de donnéesCode de droit économique, art. XI.190, 20°, inséré par la loi du 19 juin 2022 transposant partiellement la directive (UE) 2019/790 (Moniteur belge, 1 août 2022) 2022-08-01
Code pénal, Livre II, articles 524 à 527, accès non autorisé dans un système informatiqueCode pénal, Livre II, arts. 524-527 (accès non autorisé dans un système informatique), inséré par la loi du 29 février 2024 introduisant le livre II du Code pénal; peines fixées au Livre Ier, art. 36 et 38 2026-09-01
Belize bz 3 instruments
Copyright Act, fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, Cap. 252 (Act No. 12 of 2000, Revised Edition 2020), ss. 56-58 2000-08-21
Cybercrime Act, illegal access to a computer systemCybercrime Act, Cap. 106:01 (Act No. 32 of 2020), s. 3 2020-10-05
Data Protection Act 2021, personal data scraped from public sourcesData Protection Act, 2021 (Act No. 45 of 2021), ss. 2-10 [future]
Benin bj 2 instruments
Loi n°2005-30 relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins, exclusion des nouvelles du jour et protection des bases de données comme compilationsLoi n°2005-30 du 05 avril 2006, Exclusions des Nouvelles du Jour et des Bases de Données, relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins 2006-04-05
Loi n°2017-20 portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin, Livre VI (cybercriminalité), atteintes aux réseaux et systèmes d'informationLoi n°2017-20 du 20 avril 2018, Livre VI, Atteintes aux Réseaux et Systèmes d'Information, portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin 2018-04-20
Bermuda bm 2 instruments
Computer Misuse Act 1996, unauthorised access and modification offencesComputer Misuse Act 1996 (Bermuda), 1996:16, ss. 3-6A (unauthorised access, modification and related offences) not recorded
Copyright and Designs Act 2004, database rightCopyright and Designs Act 2004 (Bermuda), 2004:5, Part V (database right) 2008-02-08
Bhutan bt 1 instrument
Information, Communications and Media Act of Bhutan 2018, unauthorized access and tampering with computer systemsInformation, Communications and Media Act of Bhutan 2018, ss.415-416 2018-01-08
Bolivia bo 2 instruments
Código Penal, Alteración, Acceso y Uso Indebido de Datos InformáticosCódigo Penal, art. 363 ter (Alteración, Acceso y Uso Indebido de Datos Informáticos), incorporado por Ley No. 1768 de 10 de marzo de 1997 1997-03-10
Código Penal, Manipulación InformáticaCódigo Penal, art. 363 bis (Manipulación Informática), incorporado por Ley No. 1768 de 10 de marzo de 1997 1997-03-10
Bosnia and Herzegovina ba 2 instruments
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Content Limitations (No Text-and-Data-Mining Exception)Law on Copyright and Related Rights, arts. 8, 40-54 (Content Limitations of Copyright), Official Gazette of BiH No. 63/10, 86/10 2010-08-11
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Database ProducersLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, arts. 141-146 (Rights of Database Producers), Official Gazette of BiH No. 63/10, 86/10 2010-08-11
Botswana bw 2 instruments
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2000 (Cap. 68:02), Database ProtectionCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000, Database Protection 2006-10-01
Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2018 (Act No. 18 of 2018)Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2018 (Act No. 18 of 2018) 2018-07-04
Brazil br 3 instruments
Copyright Law, Database Compilation RightLei nº 9.610/1998, arts. 7º, XIII, e 87 1998-06-20
Marco Civil da Internet, Protection of Records and Personal DataLei nº 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet), arts. 7º, 10, e 12 2014-06-23
Penal Code Art. 154-A, Invasion of a Computing DeviceCódigo Penal (Decreto-Lei nº 2.848/1940), art. 154-A (redação dada pela Lei nº 14.155, de 2021, inserido pela Lei nº 12.737, de 2012) 2021-05-28
Brunei Darussalam bn 1 instrument
Computer Misuse Act, unauthorised access to computer materialComputer Misuse Act (Cap. 194, Revised Edition 2007), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) 2000-06-21
Bulgaria bg 2 instruments
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act (ZAPSP), Arts. 26e, 26zh and 26k, Text-and-Data-Mining Exception for Crawling and TrainingZAPSP crawling-training TDM exception (Закон за авторското право и сродните му права, Zakon za avtorskoto pravo i srodnite mu prava), chl. 26e, 26zh i 26k, izm. i dop. DV br. 100 ot 1 dekemvri 2023 g. 2023-12-01
Criminal Code (Nakazatelen kodeks), Art. 319a, Unauthorized Access to an Information SystemНаказателен кодекс (НК, Nakazatelen kodeks), chl. 319a, obn. DV br. 26 ot 1968 g., izm. DV br. 101 ot 2017 g. not recorded
Burkina Faso bf 2 instruments
Loi n°025-2018/AN du 31 mai 2018 portant Code pénal, computer and data systems offenses (Livre VII, Titre I, Chapitre 1)Loi n°025-2018/AN du 31 mai 2018 portant Code pénal, Livre VII, Titre I, Chapitre 1 (infractions relatives aux systèmes et données informatiques, Art. 711-1 à 711-13) 2018-05-31
Loi n°048-2019/AN du 12 novembre 2019 portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, database and news exceptionsLoi n°048-2019/AN, Database and News-Facts Exclusions (Arts. 10 et 22), portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, 12 novembre 2019 2019-12-23
Burundi bi 2 instruments
Law No. 1/021 of December 30, 2005 on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights, database and facts exclusionsLoi n° 1/021, Database and Facts Exclusion (Arts. 7 et 26.1), portant protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins, 30 décembre 2005 2005-12-30
Law No. 1/10 of March 16, 2022 on the Prevention and Repression of Cybercriminality in BurundiLoi n°1/10 du 16 mars 2022 portant prévention et répression de la cybercriminalité au Burundi 2022-03-16
Cabo Verde cv 1 instrument
Cybercrime Law, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemLei n.º 8/IX/2017, art. 6.º (acesso ilícito), de 20 de Março (Lei do Cibercrime) not recorded
Cambodia kh 3 instruments
Copyright Law, database protectionLaw on Copyright and Related Rights (2003), Arts. 7-8, 21(c), 24(c) not recorded
Copyright Law, reproduction right and limited exceptionsLaw on Copyright and Related Rights (2003), Arts. 21, 24, 28 not recorded
Criminal Code, offences in the information technology sectorCriminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia (2009), Arts. 427-432 not recorded
Cameroon cm 2 instruments
Loi n°2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins, article 4(2)(b) (protection des bases de données)Loi n°2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000, art. 4(2)(b) 2000-12-19
Loi n°2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010 relative à la cybersécurité et à la cybercriminalité au Cameroun, articles 68-69 (accès frauduleux)Loi n°2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010, art. 68-69 2010-12-21
Canada ca 3 instruments
Copyright Act, fair dealingR.S.C., 1985, c. C-42, s. 29 2012-11-07
Criminal Code, unauthorized use of a computerR.S.C., 1985, c. C-46, s. 342.1 1985-01-01
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), scraped personal dataS.C. 2000, c. 5, Part 1 2001-01-01
Cayman Islands ky 2 instruments
Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, database and compilation copyrightCopyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, s. 3(1) databases not recorded
Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, text and data analysis exceptionCopyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, s. 29A text and data analysis not recorded
Chad td 1 instrument
Code Pénal, unauthorised access to and interference with a computer systemLoi n°001/PR/2017 du 8 mai 2017 portant Code Pénal, Livre 6, Chapitre 2 (De la cybercriminalité), Section 1, Sous-sections 1-2 (art. 429-431), codifying Loi n°009/PR/2015 du 10 février 2015 relative à la cybersécurité et à la lutte contre la cybercriminalité not recorded
Chile cl 1 instrument
Ley 21.459, art. 2, acceso ilícito a un sistema informáticoLey 21.459, art. 2 (acceso ilícito) 2022-06-20
China cn 4 instruments
Anti-Unfair Competition Law, 2025 revision, Article 13 (data scraping and technical circumvention clause)Anti-Unfair Competition Law of the People's Republic of China (as amended 2025), Art. 13 2025-10-15
Copyright Law, Article 24 (closed list of exceptions, no text-and-data-mining item)Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020 revision), Art. 24 2021-06-01
Criminal Law, Arts. 285-286 (unauthorized computer intrusion and system destruction)Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Arts. 285, 286 not recorded
Personal Information Protection Law, Arts. 13(6) and 27 (processing already-public personal information)Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, Arts. 13(6), 27 2021-11-01
Colombia co 3 instruments
Codigo Penal, Acceso Abusivo a un Sistema InformaticoLey 599 de 2000, art. 269A (added by Ley 1273 de 2009) 2009-01-05
Codigo Penal, Violacion de Datos PersonalesLey 599 de 2000, art. 269F (added by Ley 1273 de 2009) 2009-01-05
Copyright Act, Exclusive Reproduction Right, No Text and Data Mining ExceptionLey 23 de 1982, art. 12 (as amended by Ley 1915 de 2018) 2018-07-12
Comoros km 1 instrument
Penal Code, unauthorized access to an information systemCode pénal, Loi n° 20-038/AU du 29 décembre 2020, promulguée par Décret n° 21-018/PR du 16 février 2021, Chapitre 4 (De la cybercriminalité), Section 2, art. 451 2021-02-16
Cook Islands ck 1 instrument
Copyright Act 2013, economic rights, computer program copying, and technological protection measuresCopyright Act 2013, No. 8 (Cook Islands), ss. 8, 9, 22, 44 (economic rights, computer program copying, and technological protection measures) 2013-12-07
Costa Rica cr 2 instruments
Codigo Penal, articulo 231, Espionaje informaticoCodigo Penal (Ley No. 4573), art. 231, segun reforma por Ley No. 9048 not recorded
Ley sobre Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos, articulo 8, proteccion de bases de datosLey No. 6683, art. 8, reformado por Ley No. 7397 de 3 de mayo de 1994 1982-11-04
Croatia hr 2 instruments
Kazneni zakon, Computer Crime Chapter (Arts. 266-273)Kazneni zakon, Narodne novine 125/11, 144/12, 56/15, 61/15, 101/17, 118/18, 126/19, 84/21, Glava XXV., cl. 266-273 2013-01-01
Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima, Text and Data Mining Exceptions (Arts. 187-188)Rudarenje teksta i podataka, Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima, NN 111/2021, cl. 187-188 2021-10-22
Cuba cu 1 instrument
Código Penal (Ley 151/2022), offenses against telecommunications and ICT securityLey 151/2022, Código Penal, Título IX, Capítulo I (arts. 289-294) 2022-11-30
Cyprus cy 2 instruments
Convention on Cybercrime Ratifying Law, Article 2 (Illegal Access)L. 22(III)/2004, Schedule Article 2 (Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, ETS No. 185, Budapest, 23.11.2001) not recorded
Intellectual Property and Related Rights Law, Article 25 (Text and Data Mining Exception)L. 155(I)/2022, art. 15, inserting article 25 into the Intellectual Property Rights and Related Rights Law (L. 59/1976, as amended) not recorded
Czechia cz 3 instruments
Autorsky zakon Sections 39c-39d, Text and Data Mining Exception for Automated AnalysisZakon c. 121/2000 Sb., o pravu autorskem (autorsky zakon), Sec. 39c and Sec. 39d, as inserted by Zakon c. 429/2022 Sb. 2023-01-05
Autorsky zakon Sections 88-94, Sui Generis Database RightZakon c. 121/2000 Sb., o pravu autorskem (autorsky zakon), Sec. 88 to Sec. 94 not recorded
Criminal Code Section 230, Unauthorized Access to a Computer SystemZakon c. 40/2009 Sb., trestni zakonik, Sec. 230 not recorded
Côte d'Ivoire ci 2 instruments
Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act, database compilation protectionLoi n° 2016-555 du 26 juillet 2016, art. 8 (protection des bases de données comme compilations), relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins 2016-07-26
Cybercrime Act, unauthorized access to an information systemLoi n° 2013-451 du 19 juin 2013 relative à la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 4 (accès frauduleux à un système informatique) not recorded
Democratic Republic of the Congo cd 1 instrument
Digital Code, Book IV: Unauthorized Access to a Computer SystemCode du numérique, Livre IV, Sécurité et protection pénale des systèmes informatiques, Ordonnance-loi n° 23/010 du 13 mars 2023 (arts. 330 à 334) 2023-03-13
Denmark dk 3 instruments
Ophavsretsloven Section 71, Sui Generis Database RightOphavsretsloven, section 71 (Fremstillere af kataloger m.v.), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1093 af 20. august 2023 not recorded
Ophavsretsloven Sections 11b-11c, Text and Data Mining ExceptionOphavsretsloven, sections 11 b-11 c (Tekst- og datamining), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1093 af 20. august 2023, inserted by Lov nr. 680 af 6. juni 2023 not recorded
Straffeloven Section 263, Unauthorized Access to a Data SystemStraffeloven, section 263 (Uberettiget adgang til et datasystem), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1851 af 20. september 2021 not recorded
Djibouti dj 1 instrument
Digital Code, Book VI: Fraudulent Access to Information SystemsLoi n° 019/AN/23/9ème L portant Code Numérique, Livre Sixième, Arts. 555 à 559 2025-09-18
Dominica dm 2 instruments
Copyright Act 2003, database and compilation protectionCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 5 of 2003, Commonwealth of Dominica), s. 6(1)(b), s. 63 2003-11-15
Copyright Act 2003, temporary reproduction and quotation exceptionsCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 5 of 2003, Commonwealth of Dominica), s. 64, s. 65, s. 69 2003-11-15
Dominican Republic do 2 instruments
Ley No. 53-07 sobre Crímenes y Delitos de Alta Tecnología, Acceso IlícitoLey No. 53-07, Gaceta Oficial No. 10416, 23 de abril de 2007, arts. 5-6 (Acceso Ilícito) 2007-04-23
Ley No. 65-00 sobre Derecho de Autor, Limitaciones y ExcepcionesLey No. 65-00 sobre Derecho de Autor, arts. 30-32 (Limitaciones y Excepciones al Derecho de Autor) 2000-08-21
Ecuador ec 6 instruments
COIP, acceso no consentido a un sistema informáticoCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 234 (acceso no consentido a un sistema informático) 2014-02-10
COIP, ataque a la integridad de sistemas informáticosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 232 (ataque a la integridad de sistemas informáticos) 2014-02-10
COIP, interceptación ilegal de datosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 230 (interceptación ilegal de datos) 2014-02-10
COIP, revelación ilegal de base de datosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 229 (revelación ilegal de base de datos) 2014-02-10
Código Ingenios, protección de bases de datosArt. 140, Código Ingenios (Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación), materia protegible por las bases de datos 2016-12-09
Código Ingenios, uso justo y minería de textosArts. 211-212, Código Ingenios (Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación), uso justo y actos que no requieren autorización 2016-12-09
Egypt eg 2 instruments
Law No. 175 of 2018 on Anti-Cyber and Information Technology CrimesLaw No. 175 of 2018 on Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes 2018-08-15
Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Copyright and Database Chapter (Book Three)Law No. 82 of 2002, Copyright and Database Chapter (Book Three), on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, as amended by Law No. 178 of 2020 2002-06-03
El Salvador sv 4 instruments
Ley Especial contra los Delitos Informáticos y Conexos, acceso indebido a sistemas informáticosDecreto Legislativo No. 260, art. 4 not recorded
Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, ausencia de excepción de minería de textos y datosDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), arts. 45 y 46 2025-02-15
Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, elusión de medidas tecnológicas efectivasDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), art. 308 2025-02-15
Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, protección de bases de datos y compilacionesDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), art. 17 2025-02-15
Eritrea er 1 instrument
Penal Code of the State of Eritrea, Unauthorized Use of a ComputerPenal Code of the State of Eritrea (2015), arts. 374-375 (Unauthorized Use of a Computer) [future]
Estonia ee 3 instruments
Autoriõiguse seadus (Copyright Act) Chapter VIII-1, Sui Generis Right of a Maker of a DatabaseAutoriõiguse seadus, RT I 1999, 97, 859, Sections 75-1 to 75-7, as amended by RT I 2004, 71, 500 2000-01-06
Karistusseadustik (Penal Code) Section 217, Illegal Obtaining of Access to a Computer SystemKaristusseadustik, RT I, 12.07.2014, 1, Section 217 2015-01-01
Karistusseadustik (Penal Code) Sections 206 and 207, Interference with Computer Data and Hindering of Functioning of Computer SystemsKaristusseadustik, RT I, 12.07.2014, 1, Sections 206 and 207 2015-01-01
Eswatini sz 1 instrument
Computer Crime and Cybercrime Act, 2022, Illegal AccessComputer Crime and Cybercrime Act, 2022 (Act No. 6 of 2022), s. 3 (Illegal Access) 2022-03-04
Ethiopia et 2 instruments
Computer Crime ProclamationProclamation No. 958/2016 (Federal Negarit Gazette, 22nd Year No. 83, 7 July 2016) 2016-07-07
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Proclamation, Database ProtectionProclamation No. 410/2004, arts. 4(6)(b), 9(2)(c) (Database Protection) 2004-07-19
Federated States of Micronesia fm 1 instrument
FSM Copyright Act, exclusive rights, fair use, and compilation protectionFSM Code Title 35, Ch. 1 (Copyrights), secs. 101-109 not recorded
Fiji fj 1 instrument
Copyright Act 1999, Fair Dealing and Criminal Liability for InfringementCopyright Act, 1999 (Act No. 11 of 1999), ss. 41-42, 121 [future]
Finland fi 3 instruments
Rikoslaki Chapter 38, Tietomurto and Torkea tietomurto (Computer Break-in and Aggravated Computer Break-in)Rikoslaki (39/1889) 38 luku 8-8a sec, as amended by 10.4.2015/368 2015-09-04
Tekijanoikeuslaki Section 13b, Text-and-Data-Mining Reproduction ExceptionTekijanoikeuslaki, Finland Copyright Act, 13 b sec, as amended by 3.3.2023/263 2023-04-03
Tekijanoikeuslaki Section 49, Sui Generis Database and Collection Producer RightTekijanoikeuslaki, Finland Copyright Act, 49 sec 1998-04-15
France fr 2 instruments
CPI Sui Generis Database Right, Producer's Right to Prohibit Extraction and ReutilizationCode de la propriete intellectuelle, art. L341-1 a L343-7 (Titre IV, Droits des producteurs de bases de donnees), created by loi n. 98-536 du 1er juillet 1998, transposing Directive 96/9/CE 1998-01-01
Code penal STAD Offenses, Unauthorized Access to and Interference with Automated Data Processing SystemsCode penal, art. 323-1 a 323-8 (Chapitre III, Des atteintes aux systemes de traitement automatise de donnees) not recorded
Gabon ga 2 instruments
Loi n°027/2023, infractions et sanctions informatiquesLoi n°027/2023 du 11 juillet 2023 portant réglementation de la cybersécurité et de la lutte contre la cybercriminalité en République Gabonaise, chapitre Ier (art. 49-61) 2023-07-15
Loi n°1/87, protection des recueils et compilationsLoi n°1/87, art. 5 (recueils et compilations), du 29 juillet 1987 instituant la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins 1987-07-29
Georgia ge 3 instruments
Copyright and Related Rights, database producer rightLaw of Georgia on Copyright and Related Rights, Art. 54 (A Database Producer) not recorded
Copyright and Related Rights, no text-and-data-mining exceptionLaw of Georgia on Copyright and Related Rights, adopted 22 June 1999, as amended 1999-06-22
Criminal Code, unauthorised access and interference with computer data and systemsCriminal Code of Georgia, Chapter XXXV (Cybercrime), Arts. 284-286 2000-06-01
Germany de 5 instruments
Ausspaehen, Abfangen und Manipulation von Daten (Computer Misuse and Data Interference)Strafgesetzbuch (StGB), §§ 202a, 202b, 202c, 202d, 303a, 303b not recorded
Schutz des Datenbankherstellers (Sui Generis Database Right)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), §§ 87a, 87b, 87c, 87d, 87e not recorded
Text und Data Mining (General Text and Data Mining Exception)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), § 44b not recorded
Text und Data Mining fuer Zwecke der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Text and Data Mining for Scientific Research)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), § 60d not recorded
Verbot unlauterer geschaeftlicher Handlungen und Mitbewerberschutz (General Clause and Competitor Protection)Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG), §§ 3, 4 not recorded
Ghana gh 3 instruments
Copyright Act, Database ProtectionCopyright Act, 2005 (Act 690), ss. 1, 19 (Database Protection) 2005-06-03
Cybersecurity Act, Unlawful AccessCybersecurity Act, 2020 (Act 1038), s. 94 (Unlawful Access) 2020-12-29
Electronic Transactions Act, Cyber OffencesElectronic Transactions Act, 2008 (Act 772), ss. 124, 130-134 (Cyber Offences) 2008-12-19
Greece gr 2 instruments
Penal Code Article 370B, Violation of Computer Data and Program SecretsPoinikos Kodikas, art. 370B (370Β) not recorded
Penal Code Article 370C, Illegal Access to an Information SystemPoinikos Kodikas, art. 370C, as replaced by Law 4411/2016, art. 2 para. 6 (FEK A' 142/3.8.2016) 2016-08-03
Grenada gd 3 instruments
Copyright Act, 2011, quotation, temporary reproduction and compilation copyrightCopyright Act, 2011 (Act No. 21 of 2011), ss. 6, 9, 10, 13 (databases, private use, quotation, temporary reproduction) [future]
Data Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023, application to processing of personal dataData Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023, ss. 4, 7 (Application of Act; General Principle) [future]
Electronic Crimes Act, 2013, unauthorised access and interferenceElectronic Crimes Act, 2013 (Act No. 23 of 2013, amended by Act No. 10 of 2014), s. 5 (Unauthorised access and interference) not recorded
Guatemala gt 2 instruments
Código Penal, Decreto 17-73, Arts. 274 'A' a 274 'G' (Delitos Informáticos)Decreto Legislativo No. 17-73 (Código Penal), arts. 274 A a 274 G, Delitos Informáticos 1996-07-03
Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, Decreto 33-98 (compilations, databases, and technological measures)Decreto Número 33-98, arts. 16 y 35, bases de datos y compilaciones 1998-06-21
Guinea gn 2 instruments
Loi n° L/2016/037/AN portant Cybersécurité et Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel, titre relatif aux infractions informatiques (cybercriminalité)Loi n° L/2016/037/AN, titre cybercriminalité, portant Cybersécurité et Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel not recorded
Loi portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, articles 9 et 22 (bases de données)Loi L/2019/0028/AN, art. 9 et 22 not recorded
Guyana gy 1 instrument
Cybercrime Act 2018, unauthorised access to a computer systemGuyana, Cybercrime Act, 2018, Act No. 16 of 2018 2018-08-13
Haiti ht 1 instrument
Décret du 12 octobre 2005 sur le Droit d'Auteur, protection des recueils et bases de donnéesDécret du 12 octobre 2005, Droit d'Auteur, recueils 2006-03-09
Honduras hn 2 instruments
Código Penal, seguridad de las redes y de los sistemas informáticosDecreto No. 130-2017, Código Penal, arts. 398-405 (Seguridad de las Redes y de los Sistemas Informáticos) 2019-11-10
Ley del Derecho de Autor, sin excepción de minería de textos y datos, protección de compilacionesDecreto No. 4-99-E, Ley del Derecho de Autor y de los Derechos Conexos, arts. 9(5), 44-50 (Definiciones; Limitaciones y Excepciones) not recorded
Hungary hu 3 instruments
Büntető Törvénykönyv (Criminal Code), Sections 423-424, Violation of Information Systems or Data2012. évi C. törvény (Btk.), 423-424. § (Információs rendszer vagy adat megsértése) not recorded
Szjt. Section 35/A, Text and Data Mining Exception1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 35/A. §, as inserted by 2021. évi XXXVII. törvény 10. § not recorded
Szjt. Section 84/A, Sui Generis Database Producer's Right1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 84/A. § (Az adatbázisok előállítóinak védelme) not recorded
Iceland is 2 instruments
Almenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940, Art. 229, Unauthorized Access to Computer-Stored DataAlmenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940 (General Penal Code), 229. gr., eins og henni var breytt með lögum nr. 8/2021 2021-02-22
Höfundalög nr. 73/1972, Art. 50, Sui Generis Database Producer RightHöfundalög nr. 73/1972 (Copyright Act), 50. gr., eins og henni var breytt með lögum nr. 60/2000 2000-05-19
India in 2 instruments
Copyright Act, No Text-and-Data-Mining Exception, Database Compilations, and Technological Protection MeasuresCopyright Act, 1957 (No. 14 of 1957), ss. 2(o), 51, 52, 63, 65A 1958-01-21
Information Technology Act, Unauthorized Access and Computer-Related OffencesInformation Technology Act, 2000 (No. 21 of 2000), as amended by the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 (No. 10 of 2009), ss. 43, 66 2000-10-17
Indonesia id 4 instruments
Copyright Law, database protectionLaw No. 28 of 2014, Articles 40 and 46, Copyright Law 2014-10-16
Copyright Law, reproduction right and research exceptionLaw No. 28 of 2014, Articles 9 and 44, Copyright Law 2014-10-16
Electronic Information and Transactions Law, unauthorised accessLaw No. 11 of 2008, Article 30 jo. Article 46, Electronic Information and Transactions Law 2008-04-21
Personal Data Protection Law, scraped personal dataLaw No. 27 of 2022, Article 20, Personal Data Protection Law 2022-10-17
Iran ir 2 instruments
Electronic Commerce Law, Copyright in Digital Works ChapterElectronic Commerce Law (2003), Arts. 62-63 (copyright in digital works) and Art. 74 (penalty) 2003-10-24
Electronic Commerce Law, Trade Secrets ChapterElectronic Commerce Law (2003), Arts. 64-65 (trade secrets) and Art. 75 (penalty) 2003-10-24
Iraq iq 1 instrument
Law No. 3 of 1971 on Copyright, as amended by CPA Order No. 83, compilation protection and reproduction right (Arts. 2, 3, 8, 45)Law No. 3 of 1971 on Copyright (Iraq), as amended by Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 83 of 1 May 2004, Arts. 2, 3, 8, 45 2004-05-01
Ireland ie 3 instruments
Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, Database RightCopyright and Related Rights Act 2000 (No. 28 of 2000), Part V, ss. 320, 321, 325 2001-01-01
Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017 (No. 11 of 2017), ss. 2-6, 8, 13 2017-06-12
Text and Data Mining Exceptions, Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 ss. 53A-53BEuropean Union (Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market) Regulations 2021 (S.I. No. 567 of 2021), regs. 3-4, inserting and amending ss. 53A and 53B of the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 2021-11-12
Israel il 2 instruments
Computers Law, unlawful penetration of computer materialComputers Law, 5755-1995 (as amended 2012), s. 4 (unlawful penetration of computer material), s. 5 (penetration to commit another offence) 1995-10-25
Copyright Act, Fair UseCopyright Act, 5768-2007, s. 19 (Fair Use) 2008-05-25
Italy it 4 instruments
Codice Penale Art. 615-quater, Illicit Possession or Distribution of Access DevicesCodice Penale, art. 615-quater, as amended by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90 2024-07-17
Codice Penale Art. 615-ter, Unauthorized Access to a Computer or Telematic SystemCodice Penale, art. 615-ter, as amended by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90 2024-07-17
Legge sul Diritto d'Autore Artt. 102-bis and 102-ter, Sui Generis Database RightLegge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633, artt. 102-bis, 102-ter, inserted by Decreto Legislativo 6 maggio 1999, n. 169 1999-06-16
Legge sul Diritto d'Autore Artt. 70-ter and 70-quater, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionsLegge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633, artt. 70-ter, 70-quater, inserted by Decreto Legislativo 8 novembre 2021, n. 177; art. 70-septies inserted by Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132, art. 25 2021-12-12
Jamaica jm 3 instruments
Copyright Act, 1993 (as amended by Act 13 of 2015), compilationsCopyright Act, 1993 (Act 5 of 1993, as amended by Act 29 of 1999), s. 3(3A) not recorded
Copyright Act, 1993 (as amended by Act 13 of 2015), fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, 1993 (Act 5 of 1993, as amended by Act 13 of 2015), ss. 52-54 1993-09-03
Cybercrimes Act, 2015, unauthorised access to computer program or dataCybercrimes Act, 2015 (Act 31 of 2015), s. 3 not recorded
Japan jp 2 instruments
Act on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access, prohibition of unauthorized accessAct on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access, Act No. 128 of 1999, Arts. 2(4), 3, 11 not recorded
Copyright Act, information-analysis exception (text and data mining)Copyright Act, Act No. 48 of 1970, Art. 30-4 (inserted by Act No. 30 of 2018) 2019-01-01
Jordan jo 2 instruments
Copyright Protection Law, No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionLaw No. 22 of 1992 on Copyright Protection, Art. 17 not recorded
Cybercrime Law, Unauthorized Access to Information SystemsLaw No. 17 of 2023 on Cybercrime, Arts. 3-4, 6-7 not recorded
Kazakhstan kz 4 instruments
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, protection of compilations and databasesLaw No. 6-I (10 June 1996), Art. 7 not recorded
Penal Code, disruption of an informatization objectPenal Code No. 226-V (3 July 2014), Art. 207 2025-09-15
Penal Code, unauthorized access to informationPenal Code No. 226-V (3 July 2014), Art. 205 2025-09-15
Penal Code, unlawful distribution of restricted electronic information resourcesPenal Code No. 226-V (3 July 2014), Art. 211 2015-01-01
Kenya ke 1 instrument
Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018, unauthorised accessComputer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018 (No. 5 of 2018), s. 14 (unauthorised access) 2018-05-30
Kiribati ki 1 instrument
Cybercrime Act 2021, unauthorised accessCybercrime Act 2021 (No. 10 of 2021), s. 7 (Unauthorised access) [future]
Kuwait kw 1 instrument
Electronic Transactions Law, Unauthorised Access to an Electronic Data Processing SystemElectronic Transactions Law (Law No. 20 of 2014), art. 37, unauthorised access to electronic data processing system not recorded
Kyrgyzstan kg 1 instrument
Criminal Code, unauthorized access to computer informationCriminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, No. 127 (28 October 2021), Chapter 40, Art. 319 not recorded
Laos la 2 instruments
Law on Intellectual Property, Copyright Exceptions and Data CompilationsLaw on Intellectual Property No. 50/NA (20 Nov 2023), arts. 103, 113 2024-01-24
Penal Code, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemPenal Code No. 26/NA (17 May 2017), arts. 164-165 not recorded
Latvia lv 3 instruments
Autortiesību likums Article 21.1, Text and Data Mining Exception (Scraping and AI Training)Autortiesību likums (scraping), 21.1 pants, pievienots ar 2023. gada 23. marta likumu 'Grozījumi Autortiesību likumā' (Latvijas Vēstnesis, 67, 04.04.2023.), stājas spēkā 05.04.2023. 2023-04-05
Autortiesību likums Chapter IX, Sui Generis Database RightAutortiesību likums, IX nodaļa (57.-62. pants), Datubāzes aizsardzības īpatnības (sui generis), grozīta ar 2023. gada 23. marta likumu, stājas spēkā 05.04.2023. 2023-04-05
Krimināllikums Sections 241, 243, 244, Automated Data Processing System OffencesKrimināllikums, 241., 243. un 244. pants 2024-07-04
Lebanon lb 1 instrument
Law No. 81/2018 on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, Illegal Access to an Information System and Related IT-System OffencesLaw No. 81, Official Gazette of Lebanon, Part VI Chapter I (Crimes Related to IT Systems and Data, Arts. 110-115), promulgated 10 October 2018 not recorded
Lesotho ls 2 instruments
Copyright Order, 1989, Absence of a Text-and-Data-Mining Exception or Database RightCopyright Order, 1989 (Order No. 13 of 1989), ss. 2, 5 not recorded
Penal Code Act, 2010, Misuse of Property of AnotherPenal Code Act, 2010 (Act No. 6 of 2012), s. 62 2012-03-09
Liberia lr 2 instruments
Cybercrime Act of 2025Cybercrime Act of 2025 [future]
Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016, database compilation and private-copy exclusion (§§ 9.3, 9.4, 9.10)Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016, §§ 9.3, 9.4, 9.10 (Database Compilation and Private-Copy Exclusion) 2016-06-14
Libya ly 2 instruments
Law No. 5 of 2022 on Combating Cybercrimes, unauthorised access and system interferenceLaw No. 5 of 2022 Concerning Combating Cybercrimes, arts. 10-16 2022-09-27
Law No. 9 of 1968, protected works and collectionsLaw No. 9 of 1968 Issuing the Copyright Protection Law, arts. 2, 4 1968-03-30
Liechtenstein li 4 instruments
Strafgesetzbuch Art. 118a, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemStGB, LGBl. 1988 Nr. 37, § 118a, inserted by LGBl. 2009 Nr. 228 not recorded
Strafgesetzbuch Arts. 126a to 126c, Data Damage, System Interference and Misuse of DevicesStGB, LGBl. 1988 Nr. 37, §§ 126a-126c, inserted by LGBl. 2009 Nr. 228 not recorded
Urheberrechtsgesetz Art. 22, Privileged UsesURG, LGBl. 1999 Nr. 160, Art. 22 not recorded
Urheberrechtsgesetz, Sui Generis Database RightURG, LGBl. 1999 Nr. 160, Arts. 45-49 and 64 not recorded
Lithuania lt 1 instrument
Criminal Code Arts. 196-198 and 198-1, Computer Misuse and Unauthorised Access OffensesBK arts. 196, 197, 198, 198-1 2025-02-01
Luxembourg lu 3 instruments
Code penal, Computer Misuse Offences (Unauthorized Access, Interference, Data Introduction, Devices, Attempt, Association)C.pen. arts. 509-1 a 509-7 not recorded
Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, Sui Generis Database Right (Art. 67)Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnees, art. 67 2001-05-03
Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, Text and Data Mining Exception (Art. 10, points 15 and 16)Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnees, art. 10, points 15 et 16, ajoutes par la loi du 1er avril 2022 portant transposition de la directive (UE) 2019/790 not recorded
Madagascar mg 2 instruments
Law No. 2014-006, fraudulent access to an information systemLoi n° 2014-006 sur la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 3, 4 et 6 (accès et maintien frauduleux) not recorded
Law No. 94-036, protection of databases as compilationsLoi n° 94-036, art. 6 et 7 (protection des banques de données) 1995-11-06
Malawi mw 1 instrument
Electronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016, unauthorized access to dataElectronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016, s. 84 (unauthorized access, interception or interference with data) 2017-06-01
Malaysia my 2 instruments
Computer Crimes Act 1997, unauthorised access to computer materialComputer Crimes Act 1997 (Act 563), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) 2000-06-01
Copyright Act 1987, fair dealing exception and absence of a text-and-data-mining exception or database rightCopyright Act 1987 (Act 332), s. 13(2)(a) and s. 13(2A) (Fair Dealing) 1987-12-01
Maldives mv 2 instruments
Copyright and Related Rights Act, protection of databases as compilationsCopyright and Related Rights Act (Law No. 23/2010), ss. 3-6 not recorded
Copyright and Related Rights Act, quotation and informational-purpose exceptionsCopyright and Related Rights Act (Law No. 23/2010), ss. 10, 12(b)(3), 14, 17 not recorded
Mali ml 1 instrument
Loi n° 2019-056, accès et maintien frauduleux à un système d'informationLoi n° 2019-056 du 5 décembre 2019 portant répression de la cybercriminalité, arts. 4-5 (accès et maintien frauduleux à un système d information) 2019-12-13
Malta mt 2 instruments
Criminal Code Article 337C, Unlawful Access to, or Use of, InformationCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337C not recorded
Criminal Code Article 337D, Misuse of HardwareCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337D not recorded
Mauritania mr 1 instrument
Loi n° 2016-007, accès non autorisé à un système informatiqueLoi n° 2016-007 du 20 janvier 2016 relative à la cybercriminalité, arts. 6-7 (accès non autorisé) 2016-01-20
Mauritius mu 2 instruments
Copyright Act 2014, limitations on economic rights and offencesCopyright Act 2014 (Act No. 2 of 2014), ss. 16-22, 56 (limitations on economic rights, and offences) not recorded
Cybersecurity and Cybercrime Act 2021, unauthorised access offencesCybersecurity and Cybercrime Act 2021 (Act No. 16 of 2021), Part III (ss. 7-13, unauthorised access and related offences) 2021-12-10
Mexico mx 3 instruments
Código Penal Federal, Unauthorised Access to Computer Systems and Equipment (Arts. 211 bis 1 to 211 bis 7)Código Penal Federal, Arts. 211 bis 1 al 211 bis 7 not recorded
Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Database Compilation and Non-Original Database Protection (Arts. 107 to 110)Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA), arts. 107 a 110 not recorded
Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Technological Protection Measures and Circumvention (Arts. 114 Bis, 232 Bis)Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA), arts. 114 Bis y 232 Bis, adicionados por decreto publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 1 de julio de 2020 2020-07-02
Moldova md 4 instruments
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, Reproduction Exceptions and No Text-and-Data-Mining Opt-OutLegea nr. 230 din 28 iulie 2022 privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe, art. 55-57 (exceptii si limitari la dreptul de reproducere) 2022-10-09
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, Sui Generis Database RightLegea nr. 230 din 28 iulie 2022 privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe, art. 48-53 (dreptul sui generis asupra bazelor de date) 2022-10-09
Criminal Code, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemCodul penal al Republicii Moldova (Legea nr. 985-XV din 18 aprilie 2002, cu modificarile ulterioare), art. 259 2024-09-07
Personal Data Protection Law, Reach Over Scraped Public Personal DataLegea nr. 195/2024 privind protectia datelor cu caracter personal, art. 6, art. 9(2)(e) 2026-08-23
Monaco mc 1 instrument
Code Penal Arts. 389-1 to 389-9, Unauthorized Access, System Interference and Data DamageCode penal, art. 389-1 a 389-9 (Titre II, Chapitre II, Section IV, Des delits relatifs aux systemes d'information), crees par la loi n. 1.435 du 8 novembre 2016 relative a la lutte contre la criminalite technologique 2016-11-18
Mongolia mn 2 instruments
Law on Copyright, database protection and reproduction restrictionLaw of Mongolia on Copyright, Arts. 4.1.6, 6.1.12, 23-24 (databases; revised edition promulgated May 6, 2021) not recorded
Law on Copyright, quotation and news free-use exceptionsLaw of Mongolia on Copyright, Arts. 38-39, 42-45 (limitations and news use; revised edition promulgated May 6, 2021) not recorded
Montenegro me 2 instruments
Criminal Code of Montenegro, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemCriminal Code of Montenegro, Art. 353 (Unauthorised Access to a Computer System), Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro Nos. 70/03, 13/04, 47/06 and Official Gazette of Montenegro Nos. 40/08, 25/10, 32/11, 64/11, 40/13, 56/13, 14/15, 42/15, 58/15, 44/17, 49/18 not recorded
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Makers of DatabasesLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Makers of Databases, Arts. 139-145, Official Gazette of Montenegro No. 37/2011, 53/2016 and 145/2021 not recorded
Morocco ma 1 instrument
Law No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights, Database and Reproduction ProvisionsLaw No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights, Arts. 5(b), 10 and 12(c) (database and reproduction provisions), promulgated by Dahir No. 1-00-20 of 9 Kaada 1420 (15 February 2000), as amended by Law No. 34-05 2001-01-06
Mozambique mz 1 instrument
Electronic Transactions Law, Computer Misuse ContraventionsLei n.º 3/2017, de 9 de Janeiro, arts. 67 e 68 (Transacções Electrónicas) not recorded
Myanmar mm 3 instruments
Copyright Law, compilation protection with no sui generis database rightCopyright Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 15/2019), s. 15, s. 24 [future]
Copyright Law, reproduction exceptions and computer programme adaptationCopyright Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 15/2019), ss. 18, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30 [future]
Electronic Transactions Law, unauthorized interference and interception offencesElectronic Transactions Law (State Peace and Development Council Law No. 5/2004, as amended by Law No. 6/2014), s. 34 2004-04-30
Namibia na 1 instrument
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, Fair Dealing and Compilation ProtectionCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, ss. 2, 15-16 1996-03-15
Nauru nr 1 instrument
Cybercrime Act 2015, illegal access to a protected computerCybercrime Act 2015 (No. 14 of 2015), s. 6 (illegal access) 2015-05-12
Nepal np 3 instruments
Copyright Act, 2059, citation and current-information reproduction exceptionsCopyright Act, 2059 (2002), ss. 17, 20 2002-08-15
Copyright Act, 2059, database compilation protection and digital reproduction limitCopyright Act, 2059 (2002), ss. 3(2), 16(2) 2002-08-15
Electronic Transactions Act, 2063, unauthorised access to computer materialsElectronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2008), s. 45 2006-09-02
Netherlands nl 3 instruments
Auteurswet, artt. 15n and 15o, Text and Data Mining ExceptionsAuteurswet, artt. 15n, 15o (BWBR0001886) 2021-06-07
Databankenwet, Sui Generis Database RightDatabankenwet (BWBR0010591) 1999-07-21
Wetboek van Strafrecht, art. 138ab, Computervredebreuk (Computer Trespass)Wetboek van Strafrecht, art. 138ab (BWBR0001854) 2025-05-15
New Zealand nz 4 instruments
Copyright Act 1994, Fair Dealing and No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionCopyright Act 1994 (NZ), No 143, ss. 2, 42, 43 1995-01-01
Copyright Act 1994, Technological Protection MeasuresCopyright Act 1994 (NZ), No 143, ss. 226A, 226C 2008-10-31
Crimes Act 1961, Accessing a Computer System Without AuthorisationCrimes Act 1961 (NZ), No 43, s. 252 2003-10-01
Privacy Act 2020, Reach Over Scraped Personal InformationPrivacy Act 2020 (NZ), No 31, ss. 4, 7, 22 (IPP 1, 2) 2020-12-01
Nicaragua ni 3 instruments
Ley No. 1042, interference with and damage to computer systems, as reformed by Ley No. 1219Ley No. 1042, as reformed by Ley No. 1219 (2024), arts. 8-10 2024-09-12
Ley No. 1042, unauthorized access to computer systemsLey No. 1042, 27-Oct-2020, arts. 4-5 2020-12-29
Ley No. 312, protection of compilations and databasesLey No. 312 (1999, as amended), arts. 14, 31.3 1999-08-31
Niger ne 1 instrument
Loi n° 2019-33, accès illégal et maintien frauduleuxLoi n° 2019-33, accès illégal et maintien frauduleux dans un système informatique, répression de la cybercriminalité au Niger, du 3 juillet 2019, art. 3 et 4 not recorded
Nigeria ng 1 instrument
Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, unlawful access to a computerCybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, s. 6 (unlawful access to a computer) not recorded
North Korea kp 3 instruments
Copyright Law, Computer Program Protection and Use-Without-Permission ExceptionsCopyright Law, Computer Program Protection and Use-Without-Permission Exceptions, Arts. 9(8) and 32, 2001 (amended 2006) not recorded
Criminal Code, Computer and Information OffencesCriminal Code, Computer and Information Offences, Arts. 201-203 (amended up to April 2009) not recorded
Law on the Protection of Computer Software, Prohibited Acts and SupervisionLaw on the Protection of Computer Software, Arts. 34 and 39, 2003 not recorded
North Macedonia mk 3 instruments
Criminal Code, Damage and Unauthorized Entry into a Computer SystemCriminal Code, OG No. 37/1996, art. 251 not recorded
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, General Exceptions and QuotationLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, OG No. 115/2010, art. 51-52 not recorded
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of the Database MakerLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, OG No. 115/2010, arts. 118-120 not recorded
Norway no 2 instruments
Copyright Act, Sui Generis Database RightAct relating to Copyright in Intellectual Works, etc. (Copyright Act), LOV-2018-06-15-40, as amended to 1 September 2021, s. 24 2018-07-01
Penal Code, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemStraffeloven (Penal Code), LOV-2005-05-20-28, kapittel 21 (Vern av informasjon og informasjonsutveksling), § 204 not recorded
Oman om 4 instruments
Cybercrime Combat Law, unauthorized access to a website or information systemRoyal Decree No. 61/2026, Art. 5 not recorded
Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, database compilations and absence of a sui generis rightRoyal Decree No. 65/2008, Arts. 2(b), 3(c), 4 2008-05-18
Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, exceptions and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionRoyal Decree No. 65/2008, Arts. 4, 20 2008-05-18
Personal Data Protection Law, reach over scraped public personal dataRoyal Decree No. 6/2022, Art. 3(j) 2023-02-09
Pakistan pk 3 instruments
Copyright Ordinance 1962, closed enumerated fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Ordinance 1962, s. 57 (fair dealing) not recorded
Copyright Ordinance 1962, scope of copyright in a compilationCopyright Ordinance 1962, s. 13(3) (compilation copyright) not recorded
Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, unauthorized access and interference offencesPrevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, ss. 3, 5 and 6 (Act No. XL of 2016) not recorded
Palau pw 1 instrument
Penal Code, unauthorized computer access17 PNCA secs. 3101, 3109-3111 (Computer Crimes, Unauthorized Computer Access) not recorded
Panama pa 1 instrument
Código Penal, Delitos contra la Seguridad InformáticaCódigo Penal de la República de Panamá (texto único 2010), Libro Segundo, Título VIII, Capítulo I, arts. 289-292 not recorded
Papua New Guinea pg 1 instrument
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000, Exceptions to Copyright and EnforcementCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000 (PNG), No. 21 of 2000, ss. 5, 8, 10, 14, 27-28 not recorded
Paraguay py 3 instruments
Código Penal, arts. 146 b y 174 b, introducidos por la Ley N° 4439/2011, acceso indebido a datos y a sistemas informáticosLey N° 1160/97 (Código Penal), arts. 146 b y 174 b, introducidos por la Ley N° 4439/2011 2011-10-05
Ley N° 1328/1998, art. 4, numeral 14, bases de datos como compilaciónLey N° 1328/1998, de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, art. 4, numeral 14 1998-10-20
Ley N° 1328/1998, arts. 8, 40 y 41, límites y excepciones al derecho de autorLey N° 1328/1998, de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, arts. 8, 40 y 41 1998-10-20
Peru pe 4 instruments
Decreto Legislativo 1700, illicit trafficking of computer data (art. 12-A of Ley 30096)Decreto Legislativo 1700 (24 January 2026), incorporating art. 12-A into Ley 30096, as amended by Decreto Legislativo 1741 (13 February 2026) not recorded
Decreto Legislativo 822, protection of compilations and databasesDecreto Legislativo 822, arts. 5(l) and 48 (protection of compilations and databases), Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, as consolidated to Decreto Legislativo 1391 (2018) 1996-05-24
Decreto Legislativo 822, quotation exceptionDecreto Legislativo 822, art. 44 (quotation exception), Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, as consolidated to Decreto Legislativo 1391 (2018) 1996-05-24
Ley 30096, unauthorized access and data/system integrity offensesLey 30096, Ley de Delitos Informáticos (2013), arts. 2-4, 7, 10-12, as amended by Ley 30171 (2014) and Decreto Legislativo 1614 (2023) 2013-10-22
Philippines ph 4 instruments
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, Illegal Access, Interception, and Data InterferenceRepublic Act No. 10175 (2012), Sections 4(a)(1)-(3), 8 not recorded
Data Privacy Act of 2012, Application to Scraped Public Personal DataRepublic Act No. 10173 (2012), Section 12 not recorded
Intellectual Property Code, Compilation of Data and the News-of-the-Day ExclusionRepublic Act No. 8293 (1997), Sections 172-173, 175 1998-01-01
Intellectual Property Code, Fair Use of a Copyrighted WorkRepublic Act No. 8293 (1997), Section 185 1998-01-01
Poland pl 3 instruments
Kodeks karny, Unauthorized Access to Information and Computer-Misuse OffensesUstawa z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. Kodeks karny (Dz.U. 1997 nr 88 poz. 553, tekst jednolity), art. 267-269c not recorded
Ustawa o ochronie baz danych, Sui Generis Database RightUstawa z dnia 27 lipca 2001 r. o ochronie baz danych (tekst jednolity Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1769), art. 2, 6-8, 10-11 2002-11-10
Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionsUstawa z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych (tekst jednolity Dz.U. 2025 poz. 24), art. 26(2) i art. 26(3), dodane ustawa z dnia 26 lipca 2024 r. (Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1254) 2024-09-20
Portugal pt 3 instruments
CDADC Text and Data Mining ExceptionCDADC art. 75.º(2)(v)-(w), Text and Data Mining Exception, as amended by Decreto-Lei n.º 47/2023, de 19 de junho, art. 3.º 2023-07-04
Lei do Cibercrime Article 6, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemLei n.º 109/2009, de 15 de setembro (Lei do Cibercrime), art. 6.º 2009-10-15
Sui Generis Database Right, Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2000Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2000, de 4 de julho, arts. 4.º, 11.º e 12.º, art. 11.º as amended by Decreto-Lei n.º 47/2023, de 19 de junho, art. 4.º not recorded
Qatar qa 3 instruments
Copyright Protection Law, database and excluded subject matterLaw No. 7 of 2002, arts. 3(3), 4 2002-08-03
Copyright Protection Law, exceptions to copyrightLaw No. 7 of 2002, arts. 18, 20-21 2002-08-03
Cybercrime Prevention Law, unauthorised accessLaw No. 14 of 2014 (Cybercrime Prevention Law), arts. 2-4 not recorded
Republic of the Congo cg 1 instrument
Law on Combating Cybercrime, Unauthorised Access, Interference and Fraudulent Copying of DataLoi n° 27-2020 du 5 juin 2020 portant lutte contre la cybercriminalité, arts. 4, 5, 6, 63 not recorded
Romania ro 2 instruments
Cod penal, Art. 360-366, Infracțiuni contra siguranței și integrității sistemelor și datelor informatice (Offences Against the Security and Integrity of Computer Systems and Data)Codul penal (Legea nr. 286/2009), art. 360-366 2014-02-01
Legea nr. 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor și drepturile conexe, art. 36^1-36^2, Text and Data Mining Exceptions, inserted by Legea nr. 69/2022Legea nr. 69/2022, art. I pct. 11, inserting art. 36^1-36^2 into Legea nr. 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor și drepturile conexe, republicată (Monitorul Oficial nr. 321 din 1 aprilie 2022) not recorded
Russia ru 5 instruments
Civil Code Part IV, Database Maker's Exclusive RightCivil Code of the Russian Federation, Part IV, Arts. 1334-1336 not recorded
Criminal Code Article 272, Unauthorized Access to Computer InformationCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 272 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) not recorded
Criminal Code Article 273, Creation, Use and Distribution of Malicious Computer ProgramsCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 273 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) not recorded
Criminal Code Article 274, Violation of Rules for Operating Computer-Information Storage, Processing or Transmission SystemsCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 274 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) not recorded
Criminal Code Article 274.1, Unlawful Impact on Critical Information InfrastructureCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 274.1 (added 2017) not recorded
Rwanda rw 1 instrument
Law on Prevention and Punishment of Cybercrimes, unauthorized accessLaw N° 60/2018 of 25/09/2018 on Prevention and Punishment of Cyber Crimes, art. 16 (Unauthorized access to a computer or a computer system data) 2018-09-25
Saint Kitts and Nevis kn 3 instruments
Copyright Act, 2024, protection of compilations of dataCopyright Act, 2024 (No. 14 of 2024), s. 4(3) (compilations of data) not recorded
Electronic Crimes Act, illegal access and related computer-misuse offencesElectronic Crimes Act (Cap. 4.41; Act 27 of 2009, as amended by Act 26 of 2012), ss. 4, 5, 6, 11 2009-11-26
Electronic Transactions Act, formation and validity of contractsElectronic Transactions Act (Cap. 18.44; Act 9 of 2011), s. 16 (Formation and validity of contracts) 2011-04-14
Saint Lucia lc 1 instrument
Computer Misuse Act, unauthorized access, interception and modificationAct 12 of 2011, Laws of Saint Lucia, ss. 5, 7 and 8 (unauthorized access, interception and modification) 2018-07-06
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines vc 1 instrument
Copyright Act, 2003, fair dealing and compilation copyrightCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 21 of 2003), ss. 2, 5, 50-52 (literary work, protected works, research/private study, criticism/review/reporting, determining fair dealing) 2004-11-30
Samoa ws 3 instruments
Copyright Act 1998, compilation-only protection of collections and databasesCopyright Act 1998, No. 25 (Samoa), s. 4(1)(b) (protection of collections and databases) 1998-09-01
Crimes Act 2013, computer-access and interference offencesCrimes Act 2013, No. 10 (Samoa), Part 18 (ss. 206-214) 2013-05-01
Electronic Transactions Act 2008, electronic contract and signature recognitionElectronic Transactions Act 2008, No. 15 (Samoa), ss. 4, 8 (consent to electronic records and electronic signatures) 2008-05-08
San Marino sm 1 instrument
Computer Crimes Law, Unlawful Access to Computer or Telematics SystemsLegge 23 agosto 2016 n. 114 (Computer Crimes), art. 2, inserting art. 182-bis of the Criminal Code not recorded
Saudi Arabia sa 3 instruments
Copyright Law, database compilations and absence of a sui generis rightRoyal Decree No. M/41, Art. 3(5) database compilations, no sui generis right (2 Rajab 1424H, 30 August 2003) not recorded
Copyright Law, exceptions article and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionRoyal Decree No. M/41, Art. 15 exceptions, no text-and-data-mining exception (2 Rajab 1424H, 30 August 2003) not recorded
Personal Data Protection Law, publicly available source groundRoyal Decree No. M/19, Arts. 10, 15 publicly available source ground (9/2/1443H, 16 September 2021) not recorded
Senegal sn 1 instrument
Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 sur la Cybercriminalité, unauthorized computer-system access (Penal Code arts. 431-8 to 431-9)Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 portant sur la Cybercriminalité, Code pénal arts. 431-8 to 431-9 2008-01-25
Serbia rs 2 instruments
Criminal Code, Offences Against the Security of Computer DataKrivicni zakonik (Criminal Code), Official Gazette RS No. 85/2005 et seq., Arts. 298-304a 2006-01-01
Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Right of the Database ProducerZakon o autorskom i srodnim pravima, Arts. 137-140v (Right of the Database Producer), Official Gazette RS No. 104/2009, 99/2011, 119/2012, 29/2016 and 66/2019 not recorded
Seychelles sc 1 instrument
Cybercrimes and other Related Crimes Act, 2021, unauthorised access to a computer systemCybercrimes and other Related Crimes Act, 2021 (Act 59 of 2021), s. 4 (unauthorised access to computer system) 2022-02-01
Sierra Leone sl 1 instrument
Cyber Security and Crime Act, 2021, unauthorised accessCyber Security and Crime Act, 2021 (Act No. 7 of 2021), s. 33 (Unauthorised Access) 2021-11-15
Singapore sg 2 instruments
Computer Misuse Act, Unauthorised Access to Computer MaterialComputer Misuse Act 1993 (Cap. 50A), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) 1993-08-30
Copyright Act, Computational Data Analysis Exception and Non-Override RuleCopyright Act 2021, ss. 243-244 and s. 187 (Computational Data Analysis Exception) 2021-11-21
Slovakia sk 2 instruments
Autorsky zakon, TDM ExceptionAct 185/2015 Coll., ss. 51b-51c (as amended by Act 71/2022 Coll.), scraping 2022-03-25
Trestny zakon, Unauthorized Access to a Computer System and Related OffencesAct 300/2005 Coll. (Trestny zakon), ss. 247-247d 2006-01-01
Slovenia si 1 instrument
Kazenski zakonik (KZ-1, Criminal Code), Art. 221, Napad na informacijski sistem (Attack on an Information System)KZ-1, Art. 221 not recorded
Solomon Islands sb 1 instrument
Telecommunications Act 2009, Unauthorised-Access and Interception OffencesTelecommunications Act 2009 (Solomon Islands), Part 19 (Offences), s. 120 not recorded
South Africa za 1 instrument
Cybercrimes Act, unlawful access and unlawful interception of dataCybercrimes Act 19 of 2020, ss. 2 (unlawful access) and 3 (unlawful interception of data) 2021-12-01
South Korea kr 4 instruments
Copyright Act, Arts. 91-98 (database producer's right)Copyright Act of the Republic of Korea (Act No. 432, as amended), Arts. 91-98 2003-07-01
Information and Communications Network Act, Article 48 (network intrusion and anti-circumvention)Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, Etc. (Act No. 21305, as amended), Art. 48 2024-01-23
Personal Information Protection Act, Art. 15(1)(vi), as applied by the PIPC's publicly-available-data AI guidelinePersonal Information Protection Act (Act No. 18972, as amended), Art. 15(1)(vi); PIPC Guideline for Personal Data Processing for the Development and Utilization of Generative AI (issued 2024-07-18) 2024-07-18
Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act, Art. 2(1) items ka and pa (data misappropriation and general catch-all)Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act (Act No. 21065, as amended), Art. 2(1)(ka), (pa) 2025-10-01
South Sudan ss 2 instruments
National Communication Act, 2012, confidentiality and unauthorised interception of communicationsThe National Communication Act, 2012 (Act 24 of 2012), ss. 96 and 98(1)(e) not recorded
Penal Code Act, 2008, computer and electronic related offencesThe Penal Code Act, 2008 (Act 9 of 2008), ss. 388-394 (Computer and Electronic Related Offences) 2008-08-22
Spain es 3 instruments
Codigo Penal Article 197 bis, Unauthorized Access to an Information SystemLey Organica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Codigo Penal, art. 197 bis, added by Ley Organica 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, art. unico.107 (BOE-A-1995-25444, BOE-A-2015-3439) 2015-07-01
RDL 24/2021 Article 67, Text and Data Mining ExceptionReal Decreto-ley 24/2021, de 2 de noviembre, Libro Cuarto, Titulo II, art. 67 (Mineria de textos y datos) (BOE-A-2021-17910) 2021-11-04
TRLPI Articles 133 to 137, Sui Generis Database RightReal Decreto Legislativo 1/1996 (TRLPI), arts. 133-137, added by Ley 5/1998, de 6 de marzo (BOE-A-1996-8930, BOE-A-1998-5568) 1998-04-01
Sri Lanka lk 2 instruments
Computer Crime Act, unauthorised access, modification and dealing with unlawfully obtained dataComputer Crime Act, No. 24 of 2007, ss. 3-7 [future]
Intellectual Property Act, fair use and compilations of dataIntellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003, ss. 7, 8(c), 11 not recorded
State of Palestine ps 1 instrument
Law by Decree No. 10 of 2018 on Cybercrime, Unauthorised Access and Computer InterferenceLaw by Decree No. 10 of 2018 on Cybercrime, arts. 4-9 not recorded
Sudan sd 1 instrument
Copyright Act, Computer-Readable Databases as CompilationsCopyright Act, 2013 (Sudan), arts. 5(2)(d) and 34 not recorded
Suriname sr 1 instrument
Wetboek van Strafrecht, Hacking and Denial of Access (arts. 187b-187c)Wetboek van Strafrecht (G.B. 1911 no. 1, as revised S.B. 2015 no. 44), arts. 187b-187c (hacking and denial of access) not recorded
Sweden se 3 instruments
Brottsbalken 4 kap. 9 c §, Unauthorized Computer Access (Dataintrång)Brottsbalk (1962:700) 4 kap. 9 c § 2026-08-01
Upphovsrättslagen 15 a-15 c §§, Text and Data Mining ExceptionUpphovsrättslag (1960:729) 15 a-15 c §§, as added by Lag (2022:1712) 2023-01-01
Upphovsrättslagen 49 §, Sui Generis Database Right (Katalogskydd)Upphovsrättslag (1960:729) 49 § 1998-01-01
Switzerland ch 3 instruments
Copyright Act, Scientific Research Text and Data Mining ExceptionFederal Act on Copyright and Related Rights (URG/LDA), SR 231.1, Art. 24d 2020-04-01
Swiss Criminal Code, Unauthorised Access to and Interference with Data Processing SystemsSwiss Criminal Code (StGB/CP/CP), SR 311.0, Art. 143, 143bis, 144bis 2012-01-01
Unfair Competition Act, Exploitation of Another Person's Market-Ready Work ProductFederal Act against Unfair Competition (UWG/LCD), SR 241, Art. 2, 5 lit. c, 23 1988-03-01
Syria sy 1 instrument
Copyright Law, No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionLaw No. 62 of 2013 on Copyright and Related Rights, Art. 40 (Database and Software Exceptions) not recorded
São Tomé and Príncipe st 2 instruments
Decreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, protecção de compilações e exclusão das notícias do diaDecreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, arts. 3 e 7, de 19 de Abril de 2017, Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos 2017-04-17
Decreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, utilizações livres e reprodução técnicaDecreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, arts. 75-76 e 197, de 19 de Abril de 2017, Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos 2017-04-17
Tajikistan tj 2 instruments
Criminal Code, illegal access, modification, sabotage and unlawful possession of computer informationCriminal Code (1998, as amended to 2020), Arts. 298-301 not recorded
Criminal Code, infringement of copyright and related rightsCriminal Code (1998, as amended to 2020), Art. 156 not recorded
Tanzania tz 3 instruments
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, protection of compilations and databasesCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999 (Cap. 218), s. 6(1)(b) (derivative works: compilations of data or data bases) 1999-12-31
Cybercrimes Act, 2015, unauthorised access and interference offencesCybercrimes Act, 2015 (Act No. 14 of 2015), ss. 4-9 (illegal access, illegal remaining, illegal interception, illegal data interference, illegal system interference, data espionage) 2015-09-01
Personal Data Protection Act, 2022, application to processing of personal dataPersonal Data Protection Act, 2022 (Act No. 11 of 2022), s. 22 (application: collection of personal data) 2023-05-01
Thailand th 2 instruments
Act on Computer Crime, unauthorized access and interceptionAct on Computer Crime B.E. 2550 (2007), Sections 5 to 8 not recorded
Copyright Act, fair-use exception and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionCopyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994), Section 32 1995-03-21
The Bahamas bs 2 instruments
Computer Misuse Act 2003, unauthorised access, modification and interception offencesComputer Misuse Act, Ch. 107A, Laws of The Bahamas, ss. 3-9 (unauthorised access, modification and interception offences) 2003-06-16
Copyright Act 1998, compilation and database protectionCopyright Act, Ch. 323, Laws of The Bahamas, s. 2 (definition of compilation), s. 5 (category of works of authorship) 2000-01-04
The Gambia gm 1 instrument
Information and Communications Act, 2009, Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime partInformation and Communications Act, 2009 (No. 2 of 2009), Chapter III, Part III (Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime, ss. 163-169) 2009-05-29
Timor-Leste tl 1 instrument
Copyright and Related Rights Code, Reproduction Right and CounterfeitingLaw No. 14/2022 (Copyright and Related Rights Code), arts. 10(1)(l), 147 (Reproduction Right, Compilations, and Counterfeiting) not recorded
Togo tg 1 instrument
Loi n° 2018-026, accès et maintien frauduleux à un système informatiqueLoi n° 2018-026 du 07 décembre 2018 sur la cybersécurité et la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 8 (accès et maintien frauduleux à un système informatique) not recorded
Tonga to 2 instruments
Computer Crimes Act 2003, unauthorised accessComputer Crimes Act, 2003 (Act 14 of 2003), s. 4 (Illegal access) not recorded
Protection Against Unfair Competition Act 2002, general unfair-competition clauseProtection Against Unfair Competition Act 2002 (Act No. 19 of 2002, 2020 Revised Edition), s. 4 2008-09-01
Trinidad and Tobago tt 2 instruments
Computer Misuse Act 2000, Unauthorised AccessAct 26 of 2000 (Computer Misuse Act), Chap. 11:17, s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Program or Data) 2000-11-02
Copyright Act 1997, Protection of Collections and DatabasesCopyright Act, 1997 (Chap. 82:80), s. 6(1)(b) (Collections and Databases) 1997-10-01
Tunisia tn 1 instrument
Decree-Law on Cybercrime, unauthorised accessDécret-loi n° 2022-54 du 13 septembre 2022, relatif à la lutte contre les infractions se rapportant aux systèmes d'information et de communication, art. 16 2022-09-16
Turkey tr 2 instruments
Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, Database Producer RightLaw No. 5846, Ek Madde 8 (added by Law No. 5101, 3 March 2004) 2004-09-12
Turkish Penal Code, Information System CrimesLaw No. 5237 (Turkish Penal Code), Arts. 243-244 (Bilişim Alanında Suçlar) 2005-06-01
Turkmenistan tm 2 instruments
Criminal Code, malicious programsCriminal Code of Turkmenistan, art. 379 (Law No. 456-VI of 17 April 2022, new redaction, in force 1 January 2023) 2023-01-01
Criminal Code, unlawful access to an information systemCriminal Code of Turkmenistan, art. 373 (Law No. 456-VI of 17 April 2022, new redaction, in force 1 January 2023) 2023-01-01
Tuvalu tv 2 instruments
Copyright Ordinance, infringement penaltiesCopyright Ordinance (Chapter 40.24, Revised Edition 2008), s. 2 (penalties for dealing with infringing copies) 1917-06-13
Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993, offences and penaltiesTuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993 (Act No. 4 of 1993), s. 33 (offences and penalties) 1994-02-01
Uganda ug 1 instrument
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006, fair useCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006, s. 15 (fair use) 2006-08-04
Ukraine ua 3 instruments
Copyright Law, Sui Generis Database RightLaw of Ukraine No. 2811-IX, art. 21 (database sui generis right) 2023-03-31
Criminal Code, Creation and Distribution of Malicious SoftwareCriminal Code of Ukraine, Law No. 2341-III, art. 361-1 (malicious software) 2004-12-23
Criminal Code, Unauthorized Interference with Information SystemsCriminal Code of Ukraine, Law No. 2341-III, art. 361 (unauthorized interference) 2022-03-24
United Arab Emirates ae 3 instruments
Federal Decree-Law on Combating Rumours and Cybercrime, hacking offencesFederal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021, Arts. 1-3 (Hacking) 2022-01-02
Federal Decree-Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, protection exclusions and limitationsFederal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2021, Arts. 3, 22, 24 2022-01-02
Federal Decree-Law on the Protection of Personal Data, reach over scraped public personal dataFederal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021, Art. 4 (reach over scraped public personal data) 2022-01-02
United Kingdom gb 3 instruments
Database RightCopyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, SI 1997/3032, regs. 12, 13, 16 and 17 1998-01-01
Text and Data Mining for Non-Commercial ResearchCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, c. 48, s. 29A 2014-06-01
Unauthorised Access to Computer MaterialComputer Misuse Act 1990, c. 18, ss. 1 and 17(5), (8) not recorded
United States us 2 instruments
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (unauthorized access and the gates-based authorization test)18 U.S.C. § 1030 1984-10-12
Digital Millennium Copyright Act, anti-circumvention provisions17 U.S.C. § 1201 1998-10-28
Uruguay uy 3 instruments
Código Penal arts. 297 bis, 297 ter, 297 quater, 358 quater, and 358 quinquies, computer-offence provisions inserted by Ley N° 20.327Ley N° 20.327, de 25 de septiembre de 2024, arts. 6 y 8, Código Penal arts. 297 bis, 297 ter, 297 quater, 358 quinquies not recorded
Ley N° 9.739 art. 5, compilation and database copyright protectionLey N° 9.739, de 17 de diciembre de 1937, art. 5 not recorded
Ley N° 9.739 arts. 44-45, illicit-reproduction rule and free-use exceptions for quotation and newsLey N° 9.739, de 17 de diciembre de 1937, arts. 44 y 45 not recorded
Uzbekistan uz 1 instrument
Law on Personal Data, publicly available personal dataLaw No. ZRU-547 (2 July 2019), Art. 29 2019-10-01
Vanuatu vu 1 instrument
Cybercrime Act 2021, computer-access and interference offencesCybercrime Act No. 22 of 2021 (Vanuatu) 2021-09-22
Vatican City State va 2 instruments
Copyright and related rights by reference to Italian law (Legge N. CXCVII)Legge N. CXCVII, Legge sulla protezione del diritto di autore sulle opere dell'ingegno e dei diritti connessi, 1 settembre 2017 2017-10-01
Unauthorised access to a protected computer or telematic system (Legge N. DXXXI, arts. 158 ter-158 quater)Legge N. DXXXI, recante modifiche al Codice Penale e al Codice di Procedura Penale, 6 settembre 2022, artt. 158 ter, 158 quater 2022-09-15
Venezuela ve 2 instruments
Ley Especial contra los Delitos Informáticos, unauthorized access and sabotage of systems (Arts. 6-11)LECDI, Gaceta Oficial N° 37.313, 30/10/2001, arts. 6-11 2001-11-29
Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, compilations and databases (Art. 3)Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, 14/08/1993, art. 3 not recorded
Vietnam vn 1 instrument
Law on Cybersecurity, unauthorized access prohibitionLaw No. 24/2018/QH14 (Law on Cybersecurity), art. 8(3), art. 9 2019-01-01
Zambia zm 1 instrument
Cyber Crimes Act, 2025, unauthorised access to computer system and dataCyber Crimes Act, 2025 (Act No. 4 of 2025), s. 3 2025-05-12
Zimbabwe zw 1 instrument
Cyber and Data Protection Act, Insertion of Computer-Misuse Offences into the Criminal Law CodeCyber and Data Protection Act [Chapter 12:07] (No. 5 of 2021), s. 35, substituting ss. 163-166 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] 2022-03-11

United States: states and territories94 in 52 places

Law made below the national level, binding inside it. The slug beside each name says which tier it is.

Stage Instrument In force from
Alabama us/al 1 instrument
Alabama Digital Crime Act, Computer TamperingAla. Code § 13A-8-112 2012-08-01
Alaska us/ak 3 instruments
Criminal mischief in the fourth degree, unauthorized computer accessAlaska Stat. Sec. 11.46.484(a)(3) not recorded
Criminal use of a computerAlaska Stat. Sec. 11.46.740 not recorded
Theft of services, unauthorized use of a computer systemAlaska Stat. Sec. 11.46.200(a)(3) not recorded
Arizona us/az 3 instruments
Computer tampering (Arizona's computer-misuse statute)A.R.S. § 13-2316 not recorded
Unauthorized release of proprietary or confidential computer security informationA.R.S. § 13-2316.02 not recorded
Unlawful possession of an access deviceA.R.S. § 13-2316.01 not recorded
Arkansas us/ar 3 instruments
Computer fraudArk. Code Ann. § 5-41-103 not recorded
Computer trespassArk. Code Ann. § 5-41-104 not recorded
Unlawful interference with access to computers; unlawful use or access of computersArk. Code Ann. § 5-41-203 not recorded
California us/ca 4 instruments
AI Training Data Transparency Act (AB 2013)Cal. Civ. Code §§ 3110-3111 (AB 2013, Ch. 817, Statutes of 2024) 2026-01-01
California Consumer Privacy Act, publicly-available-information exemption (as amended by AB 1008)Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.140(v) 2025-01-01
Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act (unauthorized access, broader than the federal without-authorization test)Cal. Penal Code § 502 not recorded
Unfair Competition Law (predicate vehicle for scraping claims)Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 not recorded
Colorado us/co 3 instruments
Colorado Consumer Protection Act, unfair or deceptive trade practicesC.R.S. § 6-1-105(1)(rrr) 2022-10-01
Colorado Cybercrime statute (unauthorized access, tracking the federal CFAA)C.R.S. § 18-5.5-102 2000-07-01
Colorado Privacy Act, publicly-available-information exemption and biometric data (as amended by HB 24-1130)C.R.S. §§ 6-1-1301 et seq., 6-1-1303(2.2), (2.4), (17), (24) 2025-07-01
Connecticut us/ct 2 instruments
Connecticut Computer Crime (unauthorized access, undefined authorization test)Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-251 1984-10-01
Connecticut Data Privacy Act (CTDPA), publicly available information exemptionConn. Gen. Stat. §§ 42-515 to 42-526 (Public Act 22-15, as amended) 2023-07-01
Delaware us/de 2 instruments
Delaware Computer Crime (unauthorized access, with a private civil right of action)Del. Code tit. 11, §§ 932, 939, 941 1984-07-20
Delaware Personal Data Privacy Act (DPDPA), publicly available information exemptionDel. Code tit. 6, ch. 12D (84 Del. Laws c. 197) 2025-01-01
Florida us/fl 3 instruments
Florida Computer-Related Crime Act (dual without-authorization and exceeding-authorization prongs)Fla. Stat. § 815.06 2019-10-01
Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (FDUTPA)Fla. Stat. §§ 501.201-501.213 not recorded
Florida Digital Bill of Rights (FDBR), publicly available information exemption and narrow applicabilityFla. Stat. § 501.702 (SB 262, 2023 session) 2024-07-01
Georgia us/ga 1 instrument
Georgia Computer Systems Protection Act, computer theft, trespass, invasion of privacy, forgery, password disclosureO.C.G.A. § 16-9-93 [future]
Guam us/gu 1 instrument
Deceptive Trade Practices Unlawful (Guam Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act)5 GCA § 32201 not recorded
Hawaii us/hi 1 instrument
Hawaii Computer Crime Law, Part IX (unauthorized computer access, computer fraud, computer damage)Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 708-890 to 708-895.7 not recorded
Idaho us/id 1 instrument
Computer crime (unauthorized access, use, or alteration)Idaho Code section 18-2202 not recorded
Illinois us/il 2 instruments
Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), consent duty for scraped-photo facial geometry740 ILCS 14/1 et seq. (P.A. 95-994, 2008; amended by P.A. 103-769, eff. Aug. 2, 2024) 2024-08-02
Illinois Computer Tampering, authorization tied to posted network terms720 ILCS 5/17-51 2016-08-12
Indiana us/in 3 instruments
House Enrolled Act 1360 (2026), data scraping definition and public-records anti-bot portal authorizationHouse Enrolled Act 1360 (2026), amending Ind. Code §§ 5-14-3, 5-14-4 2026-07-01
Indiana Computer Trespass, lack of owner's consentInd. Code § 35-43-2-3 1986-07-01
Indiana Consumer Data Protection Act (INCDPA), publicly available information exemptionInd. Code Art. 24-15 (Senate Enrolled Act 5, 2023) 2026-01-01
Iowa us/ia 2 instruments
Iowa Consumer Data Protection Act (ICDPA), publicly available information exemptionIowa Code ch. 715D (Senate File 262, 2023) 2025-01-01
Iowa Unauthorized Computer Access, with a private civil cause of actionIowa Code § 716.6B 2000-07-01
Kansas us/ks 1 instrument
Unlawful acts concerning computers (Kansas's computer-crime statute)K.S.A. 21-5839 not recorded
Kentucky us/ky 2 instruments
Kentucky Consumer Data Protection Act, publicly available information exclusionKRS 367.3611 2026-01-01
Kentucky Unlawful Access to a ComputerKRS 434.845 to 434.855 2002-07-15
Louisiana us/la 1 instrument
Louisiana Computer Tampering, unauthorized access and exceeding authorizationLa. R.S. 14:73.7 not recorded
Maine us/me 2 instruments
Aggravated criminal invasion of computer privacy17-A M.R.S. § 433 not recorded
Criminal invasion of computer privacy17-A M.R.S. § 432 not recorded
Maryland us/md 2 instruments
Maryland Online Data Privacy Act (MODPA), publicly available information exemption and biometric carve-backMd. Code Com. Law § 14-4601 et seq. as originally enacted (2024 Md. Laws ch. 454, HB 567), now codified at § 14-4701 et seq. 2025-10-01
Maryland Unauthorized Access to Computers, with a civil private right of actionMd. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 7-302 not recorded
Massachusetts us/ma 3 instruments
Obtaining computer services by fraud or misrepresentation; penaltiesMass. Gen. Laws ch. 266, § 33A not recorded
Unauthorized access to a computer system; penaltiesMass. Gen. Laws ch. 266, § 120F not recorded
Unfair or deceptive acts or practices (predicate vehicle for scraping claims)Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, §§ 2, 9 not recorded
Michigan us/mi 1 instrument
Fraudulent Access to Computers, Computer Systems, and Computer Networks ActMCL 752.791 to 752.797 1980-03-27
Minnesota us/mn 2 instruments
Minnesota Consumer Data Privacy Act (MCDPA), publicly available information exemption and profiling explanation rightMinn. Stat. §§ 325M.10-325M.14 (2024 c 121, art. 5) 2025-07-31
Minnesota Unauthorized Computer Access, penetrating a computer security systemMinn. Stat. § 609.891 1989-08-01
Mississippi us/ms 1 instrument
Mississippi Computer Crimes and Identity Theft Act, core offensesMiss. Code Ann. §§ 97-45-1, 97-45-3, 97-45-5, 97-45-7, 97-45-9 not recorded
Missouri us/mo 2 instruments
Civil action for tampering with computer data, computer equipment, or computer usersMo. Rev. Stat. Sec. 537.525 1987-08-28
Tampering with computer data, computer equipment, and computer usersMo. Rev. Stat. Secs. 569.095 to 569.099 2017-01-01
Montana us/mt 2 instruments
Montana Consumer Data Privacy Act (MCDPA), publicly available information exemptionMont. Code Ann. § 30-14-2802(26) 2025-10-01
Montana Unlawful Use of a Computer, without consent of the ownerMont. Code Ann. § 45-6-311 1981-10-01
Nebraska us/ne 2 instruments
Nebraska Computer Crimes Act, unauthorized access defined against a statutory computer security systemNeb. Rev. Stat. §§ 28-1343, 28-1343.01 1991-09-06
Nebraska Data Privacy Act (NDPA), Small Business Act applicability and nonprofit exemptionNeb. Rev. Stat. §§ 87-1101 to 87-1130 (Laws 2024, LB1074) 2025-01-01
Nevada us/nv 1 instrument
Unlawful acts regarding computers, private action and enforcementNev. Rev. Stat. Ann. 205.4765 to 205.513 1983-10-01
New Hampshire us/nh 1 instrument
New Hampshire Computer Crime StatuteRSA 638:16-19 1986-01-01
New Jersey us/nj 3 instruments
New Jersey Bot Disclosure ActN.J. Stat. §§ 56:18-1 to 56:18-5 (P.L. 2019, c. 486) 2020-07-19
New Jersey Computer Criminal Activity, objective reasonable-person authorization testN.J. Stat. § 2C:20-25 2003-04-14
New Jersey Data Privacy Act (NJDPA), publicly available information exemption and biometric definitionN.J. Stat. §§ 56:8-166.4 et seq. (P.L. 2023, c. 266, S332) 2025-01-15
New Mexico us/nm 1 instrument
Computer Crimes Act, unauthorized computer useN.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-45-5 not recorded
New York us/ny 2 instruments
New York City Biometric Identifier Information LawN.Y.C. Admin. Code §§ 22-1201 to 22-1205 (Local Law 2021/003) 2021-07-09
New York Computer Trespass, notice-based revocation and circumvention presumptionN.Y. Penal Law §§ 156.00, 156.05, 156.10 not recorded
North Carolina us/nc 1 instrument
North Carolina Computer-Related Crime Act (unauthorized access and computer trespass)N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-453 to 14-458; § 1-539.2A 1999-12-01
North Dakota us/nd 1 instrument
Computer fraud and computer crimeN.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-06.1-08 not recorded
Ohio us/oh 1 instrument
Unauthorized use of computer, cable, or telecommunication propertyOhio Rev. Code § 2913.04 2018-03-23
Oklahoma us/ok 3 instruments
Oklahoma Computer Crimes Act, prohibited acts and penalties21 O.S. § 1953 1984-03-29
Oklahoma Consumer Data Privacy Act, publicly available information exemptionOkla. Stat. tit. 75A, § 300.3(27) 2027-01-01[future]
Oklahoma Deceptive Trade Practices Act78 O.S. §§ 51-55 not recorded
Oregon us/or 2 instruments
Oregon Computer Crime, without-authorization access and alterationOr. Rev. Stat. § 164.377 not recorded
Oregon Consumer Privacy Act (OCPA), sensitive-data consent and geolocationOr. Rev. Stat. §§ 646A.570 to 646A.589 2024-07-01
Pennsylvania us/pa 1 instrument
Unlawful use of computer and other computer crimes (hacking and similar offenses)18 Pa.C.S. §§ 7611-7616 2003-02-14
Rhode Island us/ri 2 instruments
Rhode Island Computer Crime chapter, unauthorized access and computer trespassR.I. Gen. Laws §§ 11-52-1, 11-52-2, 11-52-3, 11-52-4.1, 11-52-5, 11-52-6 not recorded
Rhode Island Data Transparency and Privacy Protection Act, publicly available information exemptionR.I. Gen. Laws § 6-48.1-2(24) 2026-01-01
South Carolina us/sc 1 instrument
South Carolina Computer Crime ActS.C. Code Ann. §§ 16-16-10 to 16-16-40 2002-07-02
South Dakota us/sd 1 instrument
South Dakota Unlawful Use of a Computer System, Software, or DataSDCL §§ 43-43B-1 to 43-43B-3, 43-43B-7, 43-43B-8 not recorded
Tennessee us/tn 1 instrument
Tennessee Personal and Commercial Computer Act, implicit consent for anonymous accessTenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-602 (part of the Tennessee Personal and Commercial Computer Act of 2003, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-601 to 39-14-606) 2003-07-01
Texas us/tx 3 instruments
Texas Breach of Computer Security, effective-consent and posted-prohibition offensesTex. Penal Code § 33.02 1985-09-01
Texas Capture or Use of Biometric Identifier Act (CUBI), publicly available media clauseTex. Bus. & Com. Code § 503.001 2026-01-01
Texas Data Privacy and Security Act (TDPSA), no fixed applicability thresholdTex. Bus. & Com. Code Ch. 541 2024-07-01
United States Virgin Islands us/vi 1 instrument
Virgin Islands Computer Crimes Act, unauthorized access and computer trespass14 V.I.C. §§ 461, 462, 464 (Chapter 22, Computer Crimes) not recorded
Utah us/ut 3 instruments
Utah Computer Crimes Act (unauthorized access, with an express implied-consent definition)Utah Code Ann. §§ 76-6-702, 76-6-703 2023-05-03
Utah Consumer Privacy Act, publicly-available-information exemption and biometric dataUtah Code Ann. § 13-61-101(6), (29), (32) 2023-12-31
Utah Consumer Sales Practices Act, deceptive act or practice by a supplierUtah Code Ann. § 13-11-4 2026-05-06
Vermont us/vt 1 instrument
Vermont Computer Crimes Act, unauthorized access13 V.S.A. § 4102 not recorded
Virginia us/va 2 instruments
Virginia Computer Trespass, malicious intent or deceptive means requirementVa. Code Ann. § 18.2-152.4 1984-07-01
Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA)Va. Code Ann. §§ 59.1-575 to 59.1-584 2023-01-01
Washington us/wa 3 instruments
Washington Biometric IdentifiersRCW 19.375 2017-07-23
Washington Cybercrime Act, technological-access-barrier authorization testRCW 9A.90.030, RCW 9A.90.040, RCW 9A.90.050 2016-06-09
Washington My Health My Data Act (MHMDA)RCW 19.373 2024-03-31
West Virginia us/wv 1 instrument
West Virginia Computer Crime and Abuse ActW. Va. Code §§ 61-3C-4, 61-3C-5 not recorded
Wisconsin us/wi 1 instrument
Wisconsin computer crimes statuteWis. Stat. § 943.70 not recorded
Wyoming us/wy 1 instrument
Crimes against computer users (bare without-authorization test)Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-3-504 not recorded

What this page claims, and what it does not

The stages are LexLint's own vocabulary. Four of the five boxes are the binding classes the /law/<jurisdiction> docket already draws (In force, Enacted but not yet in force, Proposed, and Repealed, withdrawn or blocked), so a square here and a square there mean the same thing. A struck-down instrument is spent on both readings.

Enjoined has its own box. Inside "Repealed, withdrawn or blocked" it would sit beside a mark that is a false description of a law a court has paused, and it would pool away a count that reads as a signal: how contested a jurisdictional hook is. The certainty ladder files enjoined as present law and the docket draws it spent; splitting it out here makes that disagreement the reader's choice instead of our silent one. It is off by default, which follows the docket.

One date column, and where a bare date would mislead it says what kind of date it is. "In force from" is commencement: the earlier of a published commencement event and the instrument's own effective date, the same choice lifecycle_band() makes and for the same reason, neither source is reliably the commencement, and the earlier one cannot make a law look newer than it is. A bracket qualifies the date where a bare one would mislead ([future] for a start date still ahead, [proposed] for a bill with no commencement to show, [enjoined], [struck down], [repealed], [superseded] or [withdrawn] for a spent instrument). Nothing is inferred from our own review date: a row with neither a date nor a status to explain the gap says "not recorded" instead.

The map is the table. Its fill is the count of instruments at the stages you chose, binned on the same RAMP_BINS edges /law/map uses, and it redraws on every change. Point at, click, or tab to a place for what applies there, every stage it holds shown even when your filter is excluding it.

Three ways of showing nothing, and they are different claims. A place washed pale holds scraping law your filter is excluding, so widening the filter brings it back. A hatched place is one we track and hold no scraping law for at all: that is a statement about our research, not about the law. A white place has no jurisdiction record for this topic at all. Only the first of the three moves when you change the filter; the other two are facts about us and hold still.

Nothing here needs the script. The default resultset is in the HTML: counts, tally, map fills and the hidden rows are all rendered at build. The script recomputes them when a box changes and does nothing else, which is what lets this page ship under script-src 'self' and be read whole by a crawler.