Law / Scraping
Scraping law, instrument by instrument
Every scraping law instrument LexLint holds, grouped by the place that made it. Choose which stages of law to show: the map, the counts and the tables all answer to that choice. To see every area of law, follow Law in the breadcrumb above.
- 1
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- instruments shown
- law on file, none at these stages
- tracked, no law on file
- not tracked
Unions1 in 1 place
Law made above the state, binding its members.
| Stage | Instrument | In force from |
|---|---|---|
| European Union eu 1 instrument | ||
| DSM Directive, Article 4 (text-and-data-mining exception and rights reservation)Directive (EU) 2019/790, Article 4 | 2021-06-07 | |
Countries403 in 192 places
One row group per country, alphabetically.
| Stage | Instrument | In force from |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan af 1 instrument | ||
| Penal Code, Part Twelve, Chapter One (Cyber Crimes and Punishment)Penal Code of Afghanistan (2017), Part Twelve, Chapter One (Cyber Crimes and Punishment), arts. 851-859 | 2018-02-15 | |
| Albania al 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, Sui Generis Database Producers RightsLaw No. 35/2016 On Copyright and Related Rights, Arts. 119-126 (Sui Generis Protection of Database Producers Rights) | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code, Interference in the Computer TransmissionsCriminal Code of the Republic of Albania (approved by Law No. 7895/1995, as amended by Law No. 8733/2001), Art. 192/b | not recorded | |
| Algeria dz 3 instruments | ||
| Code pénal, atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de donnéesOrdonnance n° 66-156 du 8 juin 1966 portant code pénal, articles 394 bis à 394 noniès, insérés par la loi n° 04-15 du 10 novembre 2004 (JO n° 71) | 2004-11-10 | |
| Loi n° 09-04 relative à la prévention et à la lutte contre les infractions liées aux technologies de l'information et de la communicationLoi n° 09-04 du 5 août 2009 portant règles particulières relatives à la prévention et à la lutte contre les infractions liées aux technologies de l'information et de la communication, Journal officiel n° 47 | 2009-08-05 | |
| Ordonnance n° 03-05, protection des bases de donnéesOrdonnance n° 03-05 du 19 juillet 2003, art. 5 (bases de données) | 2003-07-19 | |
| Andorra ad 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Neighboring Rights Law, Database and Collection ProtectionLlei sobre drets d'autor i drets veïns (Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights), approved 10 June 1999, arts. 3-4, 14 (Derivative Works and Collections; Subject Matter Not Protected; Free Use of Data Bases) | 1999-07-07 | |
| Penal Code, Attacks on Information SystemsCodi penal, Llei 9/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada del Codi penal, as consolidated, art. 225 (Atacs contra els sistemes d'informació) | not recorded | |
| Angola ao 1 instrument | ||
| Penal Code, Unauthorised Access to an Information SystemCódigo Penal de Angola, art. 438.º (Acesso Ilegítimo a Sistema de Informação), Lei n.º 38/20 de 11 de Novembro de 2020 | not recorded | |
| Antigua and Barbuda ag 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, 2003, fair dealing and database compilationCopyright Act, 2003 (No. 22 of 2003), ss. 15, 52-54 | not recorded | |
| Electronic Crimes Act, 2013, access and interferenceElectronic Crimes Act, 2013 (No. 14 of 2013), s. 3 | not recorded | |
| Argentina ar 3 instruments | ||
| Código Penal, art. 153 bis, unauthorized access to a restricted computer system or dataCódigo Penal (Ley 11.179, texto ordenado), art. 153 bis, incorporated by Ley N° 26.388 (B.O. 25/6/2008) | 2008-06-25 | |
| Ley 11.723, art. 10, quotation exceptionLey 11.723, Régimen Legal de la Propiedad Intelectual, art. 10 | 1933-09-30 | |
| Ley 25.326, personal data reached by scrapingLey 25.326, Ley de Protección de los Datos Personales, arts. 2 and 5 | 2000-10-30 | |
| Armenia am 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, sui generis database rightLaw of the Republic of Armenia on Copyright and Related Rights, Law No. AL-142 (2006, as amended), Arts. 58-60 | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code, unauthorised computer access and illegal appropriation of dataCriminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, Law No. HO-199-N (2021), Arts. 359, 362 | 2022-07-01 | |
| Australia au 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), Fair Dealing Exceptions and No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionCopyright Act 1968 (Cth), No. 63, 1968, ss. 10, 40, 41, 41A, 42 | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Part 10.7, Unauthorised Access to Restricted DataCriminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Schedule (the Criminal Code), Part 10.7, ss. 476.2, 478.1 | 2001-12-21 | |
| Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), Reach Over Scraped Personal InformationPrivacy Act 1988 (Cth), No. 119, 1988, Schedule 1, Australian Privacy Principles 3 and 6, read with s. 6 | 1989-01-01 | |
| Austria at 4 instruments | ||
| StGB Sections 118a and 126a to 126c, Computer-Misuse OffensesStGB Sec. 118a, 126a-126c, BGBl. Nr. 60/1974 as amended | 2002-10-01 | |
| UWG Section 1, General Unfair Commercial Practices ClauseUWG Sec. 1, BGBl. Nr. 448/1984 | 2022-07-20 | |
| UrhG Section 42h, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionUrhG Sec. 42h, BGBl. Nr. 111/1936 as amended by BGBl. I Nr. 244/2021 | 2022-01-01 | |
| UrhG Sections 76c to 76e, Sui Generis Database RightUrhG Sec. 76c-76e, BGBl. Nr. 111/1936 | 1998-01-01 | |
| Azerbaijan az 4 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Related Rights Law, database exclusion and enforcement remediesLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan On Copyright and Related Rights, Law No. 115-IQ (5 June 1996, as amended through Law No. 817-VIQD of 17 February 2023), Arts. 17, 19, 24, 44-47 | 1996-10-23 | |
| Criminal Code, unauthorised access, illegal interception, and system interferenceCriminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (approved by Law No. 787-IQ of 30 December 1999), Arts. 271-273 | 2000-09-01 | |
| Law on Legal Protection of Compilations of Data, sui generis database rightLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Legal Protection of Compilations of Data, No. 755-IIQ (14 September 2004, as amended through Law No. 639-IVQD of 30 April 2013), Arts. 6, 9, 10, 13 | 2004-11-11 | |
| Law on Personal Data, open-category personal data and scraped public informationLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Personal Data, Law No. 998-IIIQ (11 May 2010, as amended through 2023), Arts. 5.3, 9.6 | 2010-05-11 | |
| Bahrain bh 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, Database Compilation ProtectionLaw No. 22 of 2006, Arts. 3-4 (Database Compilation) | not recorded | |
| Copyright Law, Quotation ExceptionLaw No. 22 of 2006, Art. 21 (Quotation Exception) | not recorded | |
| Bangladesh bd 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, 2023, database protectionCopyright Act, 2023, Act No. 34 of 2023, s.2(11), s.2(16) (database as a protected work) | 2023-09-18 | |
| Cyber Security Act, 2026, unauthorised access to a computer systemCyber Security Act, 2026, Act No. 81 of 2026, s.18 (illegal entry into computer, digital device, computer system or network) | 2025-05-21 | |
| Barbados bb 3 instruments | ||
| Computer Misuse Act, illegal accessComputer Misuse Act, Cap. 124B, s. 4 (Illegal Access) | 2005-07-18 | |
| Copyright Act, fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, Cap. 300 (Act 1998-4, as amended by Act 2006-1), ss. 51-53 (Fair Dealing) | 1998-08-14 | |
| Data Protection Act, 2019, reach over scraped personal dataData Protection Act, 2019 (Act 2019-29) | 2021-03-26 | |
| Belarus by 2 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code, Crimes Against Computer SecurityCriminal Code No. 275-Z of 9 July 1999, arts. 349, 350, 352, 354 and 355 (as amended to 2023) | 2001-01-01 | |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Database Right and Software ExceptionsLaw No. 262-Z of 17 May 2011, arts. 14 and 39, on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended) | 2011-12-01 | |
| Belgium be 2 instruments | ||
| Code de droit économique, article XI.190, 20°, exception de fouille de textes et de donnéesCode de droit économique, art. XI.190, 20°, inséré par la loi du 19 juin 2022 transposant partiellement la directive (UE) 2019/790 (Moniteur belge, 1 août 2022) | 2022-08-01 | |
| Code pénal, Livre II, articles 524 à 527, accès non autorisé dans un système informatiqueCode pénal, Livre II, arts. 524-527 (accès non autorisé dans un système informatique), inséré par la loi du 29 février 2024 introduisant le livre II du Code pénal; peines fixées au Livre Ier, art. 36 et 38 | 2026-09-01 | |
| Belize bz 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, Cap. 252 (Act No. 12 of 2000, Revised Edition 2020), ss. 56-58 | 2000-08-21 | |
| Cybercrime Act, illegal access to a computer systemCybercrime Act, Cap. 106:01 (Act No. 32 of 2020), s. 3 | 2020-10-05 | |
| Data Protection Act 2021, personal data scraped from public sourcesData Protection Act, 2021 (Act No. 45 of 2021), ss. 2-10 | [future] | |
| Benin bj 2 instruments | ||
| Loi n°2005-30 relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins, exclusion des nouvelles du jour et protection des bases de données comme compilationsLoi n°2005-30 du 05 avril 2006, Exclusions des Nouvelles du Jour et des Bases de Données, relative à la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins | 2006-04-05 | |
| Loi n°2017-20 portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin, Livre VI (cybercriminalité), atteintes aux réseaux et systèmes d'informationLoi n°2017-20 du 20 avril 2018, Livre VI, Atteintes aux Réseaux et Systèmes d'Information, portant Code du Numérique en République du Bénin | 2018-04-20 | |
| Bermuda bm 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Misuse Act 1996, unauthorised access and modification offencesComputer Misuse Act 1996 (Bermuda), 1996:16, ss. 3-6A (unauthorised access, modification and related offences) | not recorded | |
| Copyright and Designs Act 2004, database rightCopyright and Designs Act 2004 (Bermuda), 2004:5, Part V (database right) | 2008-02-08 | |
| Bhutan bt 1 instrument | ||
| Information, Communications and Media Act of Bhutan 2018, unauthorized access and tampering with computer systemsInformation, Communications and Media Act of Bhutan 2018, ss.415-416 | 2018-01-08 | |
| Bolivia bo 2 instruments | ||
| Código Penal, Alteración, Acceso y Uso Indebido de Datos InformáticosCódigo Penal, art. 363 ter (Alteración, Acceso y Uso Indebido de Datos Informáticos), incorporado por Ley No. 1768 de 10 de marzo de 1997 | 1997-03-10 | |
| Código Penal, Manipulación InformáticaCódigo Penal, art. 363 bis (Manipulación Informática), incorporado por Ley No. 1768 de 10 de marzo de 1997 | 1997-03-10 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina ba 2 instruments | ||
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Content Limitations (No Text-and-Data-Mining Exception)Law on Copyright and Related Rights, arts. 8, 40-54 (Content Limitations of Copyright), Official Gazette of BiH No. 63/10, 86/10 | 2010-08-11 | |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Database ProducersLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, arts. 141-146 (Rights of Database Producers), Official Gazette of BiH No. 63/10, 86/10 | 2010-08-11 | |
| Botswana bw 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2000 (Cap. 68:02), Database ProtectionCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000, Database Protection | 2006-10-01 | |
| Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2018 (Act No. 18 of 2018)Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2018 (Act No. 18 of 2018) | 2018-07-04 | |
| Brazil br 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, Database Compilation RightLei nº 9.610/1998, arts. 7º, XIII, e 87 | 1998-06-20 | |
| Marco Civil da Internet, Protection of Records and Personal DataLei nº 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet), arts. 7º, 10, e 12 | 2014-06-23 | |
| Penal Code Art. 154-A, Invasion of a Computing DeviceCódigo Penal (Decreto-Lei nº 2.848/1940), art. 154-A (redação dada pela Lei nº 14.155, de 2021, inserido pela Lei nº 12.737, de 2012) | 2021-05-28 | |
| Brunei Darussalam bn 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Misuse Act, unauthorised access to computer materialComputer Misuse Act (Cap. 194, Revised Edition 2007), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) | 2000-06-21 | |
| Bulgaria bg 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act (ZAPSP), Arts. 26e, 26zh and 26k, Text-and-Data-Mining Exception for Crawling and TrainingZAPSP crawling-training TDM exception (Закон за авторското право и сродните му права, Zakon za avtorskoto pravo i srodnite mu prava), chl. 26e, 26zh i 26k, izm. i dop. DV br. 100 ot 1 dekemvri 2023 g. | 2023-12-01 | |
| Criminal Code (Nakazatelen kodeks), Art. 319a, Unauthorized Access to an Information SystemНаказателен кодекс (НК, Nakazatelen kodeks), chl. 319a, obn. DV br. 26 ot 1968 g., izm. DV br. 101 ot 2017 g. | not recorded | |
| Burkina Faso bf 2 instruments | ||
| Loi n°025-2018/AN du 31 mai 2018 portant Code pénal, computer and data systems offenses (Livre VII, Titre I, Chapitre 1)Loi n°025-2018/AN du 31 mai 2018 portant Code pénal, Livre VII, Titre I, Chapitre 1 (infractions relatives aux systèmes et données informatiques, Art. 711-1 à 711-13) | 2018-05-31 | |
| Loi n°048-2019/AN du 12 novembre 2019 portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, database and news exceptionsLoi n°048-2019/AN, Database and News-Facts Exclusions (Arts. 10 et 22), portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, 12 novembre 2019 | 2019-12-23 | |
| Burundi bi 2 instruments | ||
| Law No. 1/021 of December 30, 2005 on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights, database and facts exclusionsLoi n° 1/021, Database and Facts Exclusion (Arts. 7 et 26.1), portant protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins, 30 décembre 2005 | 2005-12-30 | |
| Law No. 1/10 of March 16, 2022 on the Prevention and Repression of Cybercriminality in BurundiLoi n°1/10 du 16 mars 2022 portant prévention et répression de la cybercriminalité au Burundi | 2022-03-16 | |
| Cabo Verde cv 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrime Law, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemLei n.º 8/IX/2017, art. 6.º (acesso ilícito), de 20 de Março (Lei do Cibercrime) | not recorded | |
| Cambodia kh 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, database protectionLaw on Copyright and Related Rights (2003), Arts. 7-8, 21(c), 24(c) | not recorded | |
| Copyright Law, reproduction right and limited exceptionsLaw on Copyright and Related Rights (2003), Arts. 21, 24, 28 | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code, offences in the information technology sectorCriminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia (2009), Arts. 427-432 | not recorded | |
| Cameroon cm 2 instruments | ||
| Loi n°2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins, article 4(2)(b) (protection des bases de données)Loi n°2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000, art. 4(2)(b) | 2000-12-19 | |
| Loi n°2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010 relative à la cybersécurité et à la cybercriminalité au Cameroun, articles 68-69 (accès frauduleux)Loi n°2010/012 du 21 décembre 2010, art. 68-69 | 2010-12-21 | |
| Canada ca 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, fair dealingR.S.C., 1985, c. C-42, s. 29 | 2012-11-07 | |
| Criminal Code, unauthorized use of a computerR.S.C., 1985, c. C-46, s. 342.1 | 1985-01-01 | |
| Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), scraped personal dataS.C. 2000, c. 5, Part 1 | 2001-01-01 | |
| Cayman Islands ky 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, database and compilation copyrightCopyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, s. 3(1) databases | not recorded | |
| Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, text and data analysis exceptionCopyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015, s. 29A text and data analysis | not recorded | |
| Chad td 1 instrument | ||
| Code Pénal, unauthorised access to and interference with a computer systemLoi n°001/PR/2017 du 8 mai 2017 portant Code Pénal, Livre 6, Chapitre 2 (De la cybercriminalité), Section 1, Sous-sections 1-2 (art. 429-431), codifying Loi n°009/PR/2015 du 10 février 2015 relative à la cybersécurité et à la lutte contre la cybercriminalité | not recorded | |
| Chile cl 1 instrument | ||
| Ley 21.459, art. 2, acceso ilícito a un sistema informáticoLey 21.459, art. 2 (acceso ilícito) | 2022-06-20 | |
| China cn 4 instruments | ||
| Anti-Unfair Competition Law, 2025 revision, Article 13 (data scraping and technical circumvention clause)Anti-Unfair Competition Law of the People's Republic of China (as amended 2025), Art. 13 | 2025-10-15 | |
| Copyright Law, Article 24 (closed list of exceptions, no text-and-data-mining item)Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020 revision), Art. 24 | 2021-06-01 | |
| Criminal Law, Arts. 285-286 (unauthorized computer intrusion and system destruction)Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Arts. 285, 286 | not recorded | |
| Personal Information Protection Law, Arts. 13(6) and 27 (processing already-public personal information)Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, Arts. 13(6), 27 | 2021-11-01 | |
| Colombia co 3 instruments | ||
| Codigo Penal, Acceso Abusivo a un Sistema InformaticoLey 599 de 2000, art. 269A (added by Ley 1273 de 2009) | 2009-01-05 | |
| Codigo Penal, Violacion de Datos PersonalesLey 599 de 2000, art. 269F (added by Ley 1273 de 2009) | 2009-01-05 | |
| Copyright Act, Exclusive Reproduction Right, No Text and Data Mining ExceptionLey 23 de 1982, art. 12 (as amended by Ley 1915 de 2018) | 2018-07-12 | |
| Comoros km 1 instrument | ||
| Penal Code, unauthorized access to an information systemCode pénal, Loi n° 20-038/AU du 29 décembre 2020, promulguée par Décret n° 21-018/PR du 16 février 2021, Chapitre 4 (De la cybercriminalité), Section 2, art. 451 | 2021-02-16 | |
| Cook Islands ck 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright Act 2013, economic rights, computer program copying, and technological protection measuresCopyright Act 2013, No. 8 (Cook Islands), ss. 8, 9, 22, 44 (economic rights, computer program copying, and technological protection measures) | 2013-12-07 | |
| Costa Rica cr 2 instruments | ||
| Codigo Penal, articulo 231, Espionaje informaticoCodigo Penal (Ley No. 4573), art. 231, segun reforma por Ley No. 9048 | not recorded | |
| Ley sobre Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos, articulo 8, proteccion de bases de datosLey No. 6683, art. 8, reformado por Ley No. 7397 de 3 de mayo de 1994 | 1982-11-04 | |
| Croatia hr 2 instruments | ||
| Kazneni zakon, Computer Crime Chapter (Arts. 266-273)Kazneni zakon, Narodne novine 125/11, 144/12, 56/15, 61/15, 101/17, 118/18, 126/19, 84/21, Glava XXV., cl. 266-273 | 2013-01-01 | |
| Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima, Text and Data Mining Exceptions (Arts. 187-188)Rudarenje teksta i podataka, Zakon o autorskom pravu i srodnim pravima, NN 111/2021, cl. 187-188 | 2021-10-22 | |
| Cuba cu 1 instrument | ||
| Código Penal (Ley 151/2022), offenses against telecommunications and ICT securityLey 151/2022, Código Penal, Título IX, Capítulo I (arts. 289-294) | 2022-11-30 | |
| Cyprus cy 2 instruments | ||
| Convention on Cybercrime Ratifying Law, Article 2 (Illegal Access)L. 22(III)/2004, Schedule Article 2 (Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, ETS No. 185, Budapest, 23.11.2001) | not recorded | |
| Intellectual Property and Related Rights Law, Article 25 (Text and Data Mining Exception)L. 155(I)/2022, art. 15, inserting article 25 into the Intellectual Property Rights and Related Rights Law (L. 59/1976, as amended) | not recorded | |
| Czechia cz 3 instruments | ||
| Autorsky zakon Sections 39c-39d, Text and Data Mining Exception for Automated AnalysisZakon c. 121/2000 Sb., o pravu autorskem (autorsky zakon), Sec. 39c and Sec. 39d, as inserted by Zakon c. 429/2022 Sb. | 2023-01-05 | |
| Autorsky zakon Sections 88-94, Sui Generis Database RightZakon c. 121/2000 Sb., o pravu autorskem (autorsky zakon), Sec. 88 to Sec. 94 | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Section 230, Unauthorized Access to a Computer SystemZakon c. 40/2009 Sb., trestni zakonik, Sec. 230 | not recorded | |
| Côte d'Ivoire ci 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act, database compilation protectionLoi n° 2016-555 du 26 juillet 2016, art. 8 (protection des bases de données comme compilations), relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins | 2016-07-26 | |
| Cybercrime Act, unauthorized access to an information systemLoi n° 2013-451 du 19 juin 2013 relative à la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 4 (accès frauduleux à un système informatique) | not recorded | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo cd 1 instrument | ||
| Digital Code, Book IV: Unauthorized Access to a Computer SystemCode du numérique, Livre IV, Sécurité et protection pénale des systèmes informatiques, Ordonnance-loi n° 23/010 du 13 mars 2023 (arts. 330 à 334) | 2023-03-13 | |
| Denmark dk 3 instruments | ||
| Ophavsretsloven Section 71, Sui Generis Database RightOphavsretsloven, section 71 (Fremstillere af kataloger m.v.), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1093 af 20. august 2023 | not recorded | |
| Ophavsretsloven Sections 11b-11c, Text and Data Mining ExceptionOphavsretsloven, sections 11 b-11 c (Tekst- og datamining), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1093 af 20. august 2023, inserted by Lov nr. 680 af 6. juni 2023 | not recorded | |
| Straffeloven Section 263, Unauthorized Access to a Data SystemStraffeloven, section 263 (Uberettiget adgang til et datasystem), Lovbekendtgorelse nr. 1851 af 20. september 2021 | not recorded | |
| Djibouti dj 1 instrument | ||
| Digital Code, Book VI: Fraudulent Access to Information SystemsLoi n° 019/AN/23/9ème L portant Code Numérique, Livre Sixième, Arts. 555 à 559 | 2025-09-18 | |
| Dominica dm 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act 2003, database and compilation protectionCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 5 of 2003, Commonwealth of Dominica), s. 6(1)(b), s. 63 | 2003-11-15 | |
| Copyright Act 2003, temporary reproduction and quotation exceptionsCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 5 of 2003, Commonwealth of Dominica), s. 64, s. 65, s. 69 | 2003-11-15 | |
| Dominican Republic do 2 instruments | ||
| Ley No. 53-07 sobre Crímenes y Delitos de Alta Tecnología, Acceso IlícitoLey No. 53-07, Gaceta Oficial No. 10416, 23 de abril de 2007, arts. 5-6 (Acceso Ilícito) | 2007-04-23 | |
| Ley No. 65-00 sobre Derecho de Autor, Limitaciones y ExcepcionesLey No. 65-00 sobre Derecho de Autor, arts. 30-32 (Limitaciones y Excepciones al Derecho de Autor) | 2000-08-21 | |
| Ecuador ec 6 instruments | ||
| COIP, acceso no consentido a un sistema informáticoCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 234 (acceso no consentido a un sistema informático) | 2014-02-10 | |
| COIP, ataque a la integridad de sistemas informáticosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 232 (ataque a la integridad de sistemas informáticos) | 2014-02-10 | |
| COIP, interceptación ilegal de datosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 230 (interceptación ilegal de datos) | 2014-02-10 | |
| COIP, revelación ilegal de base de datosCódigo Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), art. 229 (revelación ilegal de base de datos) | 2014-02-10 | |
| Código Ingenios, protección de bases de datosArt. 140, Código Ingenios (Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación), materia protegible por las bases de datos | 2016-12-09 | |
| Código Ingenios, uso justo y minería de textosArts. 211-212, Código Ingenios (Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación), uso justo y actos que no requieren autorización | 2016-12-09 | |
| Egypt eg 2 instruments | ||
| Law No. 175 of 2018 on Anti-Cyber and Information Technology CrimesLaw No. 175 of 2018 on Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes | 2018-08-15 | |
| Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Copyright and Database Chapter (Book Three)Law No. 82 of 2002, Copyright and Database Chapter (Book Three), on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, as amended by Law No. 178 of 2020 | 2002-06-03 | |
| El Salvador sv 4 instruments | ||
| Ley Especial contra los Delitos Informáticos y Conexos, acceso indebido a sistemas informáticosDecreto Legislativo No. 260, art. 4 | not recorded | |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual de 1993 (repealed)Decreto Legislativo No. 604, 1993, as amended | [repealed] | |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, ausencia de excepción de minería de textos y datosDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), arts. 45 y 46 | 2025-02-15 | |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, elusión de medidas tecnológicas efectivasDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), art. 308 | 2025-02-15 | |
| Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, protección de bases de datos y compilacionesDecreto Legislativo No. 66 (2024), art. 17 | 2025-02-15 | |
| Eritrea er 1 instrument | ||
| Penal Code of the State of Eritrea, Unauthorized Use of a ComputerPenal Code of the State of Eritrea (2015), arts. 374-375 (Unauthorized Use of a Computer) | [future] | |
| Estonia ee 3 instruments | ||
| Autoriõiguse seadus (Copyright Act) Chapter VIII-1, Sui Generis Right of a Maker of a DatabaseAutoriõiguse seadus, RT I 1999, 97, 859, Sections 75-1 to 75-7, as amended by RT I 2004, 71, 500 | 2000-01-06 | |
| Karistusseadustik (Penal Code) Section 217, Illegal Obtaining of Access to a Computer SystemKaristusseadustik, RT I, 12.07.2014, 1, Section 217 | 2015-01-01 | |
| Karistusseadustik (Penal Code) Sections 206 and 207, Interference with Computer Data and Hindering of Functioning of Computer SystemsKaristusseadustik, RT I, 12.07.2014, 1, Sections 206 and 207 | 2015-01-01 | |
| Eswatini sz 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Crime and Cybercrime Act, 2022, Illegal AccessComputer Crime and Cybercrime Act, 2022 (Act No. 6 of 2022), s. 3 (Illegal Access) | 2022-03-04 | |
| Ethiopia et 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Crime ProclamationProclamation No. 958/2016 (Federal Negarit Gazette, 22nd Year No. 83, 7 July 2016) | 2016-07-07 | |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Proclamation, Database ProtectionProclamation No. 410/2004, arts. 4(6)(b), 9(2)(c) (Database Protection) | 2004-07-19 | |
| Federated States of Micronesia fm 1 instrument | ||
| FSM Copyright Act, exclusive rights, fair use, and compilation protectionFSM Code Title 35, Ch. 1 (Copyrights), secs. 101-109 | not recorded | |
| Fiji fj 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright Act 1999, Fair Dealing and Criminal Liability for InfringementCopyright Act, 1999 (Act No. 11 of 1999), ss. 41-42, 121 | [future] | |
| Finland fi 3 instruments | ||
| Rikoslaki Chapter 38, Tietomurto and Torkea tietomurto (Computer Break-in and Aggravated Computer Break-in)Rikoslaki (39/1889) 38 luku 8-8a sec, as amended by 10.4.2015/368 | 2015-09-04 | |
| Tekijanoikeuslaki Section 13b, Text-and-Data-Mining Reproduction ExceptionTekijanoikeuslaki, Finland Copyright Act, 13 b sec, as amended by 3.3.2023/263 | 2023-04-03 | |
| Tekijanoikeuslaki Section 49, Sui Generis Database and Collection Producer RightTekijanoikeuslaki, Finland Copyright Act, 49 sec | 1998-04-15 | |
| France fr 2 instruments | ||
| CPI Sui Generis Database Right, Producer's Right to Prohibit Extraction and ReutilizationCode de la propriete intellectuelle, art. L341-1 a L343-7 (Titre IV, Droits des producteurs de bases de donnees), created by loi n. 98-536 du 1er juillet 1998, transposing Directive 96/9/CE | 1998-01-01 | |
| Code penal STAD Offenses, Unauthorized Access to and Interference with Automated Data Processing SystemsCode penal, art. 323-1 a 323-8 (Chapitre III, Des atteintes aux systemes de traitement automatise de donnees) | not recorded | |
| Gabon ga 2 instruments | ||
| Loi n°027/2023, infractions et sanctions informatiquesLoi n°027/2023 du 11 juillet 2023 portant réglementation de la cybersécurité et de la lutte contre la cybercriminalité en République Gabonaise, chapitre Ier (art. 49-61) | 2023-07-15 | |
| Loi n°1/87, protection des recueils et compilationsLoi n°1/87, art. 5 (recueils et compilations), du 29 juillet 1987 instituant la protection du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins | 1987-07-29 | |
| Georgia ge 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Related Rights, database producer rightLaw of Georgia on Copyright and Related Rights, Art. 54 (A Database Producer) | not recorded | |
| Copyright and Related Rights, no text-and-data-mining exceptionLaw of Georgia on Copyright and Related Rights, adopted 22 June 1999, as amended | 1999-06-22 | |
| Criminal Code, unauthorised access and interference with computer data and systemsCriminal Code of Georgia, Chapter XXXV (Cybercrime), Arts. 284-286 | 2000-06-01 | |
| Germany de 5 instruments | ||
| Ausspaehen, Abfangen und Manipulation von Daten (Computer Misuse and Data Interference)Strafgesetzbuch (StGB), §§ 202a, 202b, 202c, 202d, 303a, 303b | not recorded | |
| Schutz des Datenbankherstellers (Sui Generis Database Right)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), §§ 87a, 87b, 87c, 87d, 87e | not recorded | |
| Text und Data Mining (General Text and Data Mining Exception)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), § 44b | not recorded | |
| Text und Data Mining fuer Zwecke der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Text and Data Mining for Scientific Research)Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG), § 60d | not recorded | |
| Verbot unlauterer geschaeftlicher Handlungen und Mitbewerberschutz (General Clause and Competitor Protection)Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG), §§ 3, 4 | not recorded | |
| Ghana gh 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, Database ProtectionCopyright Act, 2005 (Act 690), ss. 1, 19 (Database Protection) | 2005-06-03 | |
| Cybersecurity Act, Unlawful AccessCybersecurity Act, 2020 (Act 1038), s. 94 (Unlawful Access) | 2020-12-29 | |
| Electronic Transactions Act, Cyber OffencesElectronic Transactions Act, 2008 (Act 772), ss. 124, 130-134 (Cyber Offences) | 2008-12-19 | |
| Greece gr 2 instruments | ||
| Penal Code Article 370B, Violation of Computer Data and Program SecretsPoinikos Kodikas, art. 370B (370Β) | not recorded | |
| Penal Code Article 370C, Illegal Access to an Information SystemPoinikos Kodikas, art. 370C, as replaced by Law 4411/2016, art. 2 para. 6 (FEK A' 142/3.8.2016) | 2016-08-03 | |
| Grenada gd 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, 2011, quotation, temporary reproduction and compilation copyrightCopyright Act, 2011 (Act No. 21 of 2011), ss. 6, 9, 10, 13 (databases, private use, quotation, temporary reproduction) | [future] | |
| Data Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023, application to processing of personal dataData Protection Act, No. 1 of 2023, ss. 4, 7 (Application of Act; General Principle) | [future] | |
| Electronic Crimes Act, 2013, unauthorised access and interferenceElectronic Crimes Act, 2013 (Act No. 23 of 2013, amended by Act No. 10 of 2014), s. 5 (Unauthorised access and interference) | not recorded | |
| Guatemala gt 2 instruments | ||
| Código Penal, Decreto 17-73, Arts. 274 'A' a 274 'G' (Delitos Informáticos)Decreto Legislativo No. 17-73 (Código Penal), arts. 274 A a 274 G, Delitos Informáticos | 1996-07-03 | |
| Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, Decreto 33-98 (compilations, databases, and technological measures)Decreto Número 33-98, arts. 16 y 35, bases de datos y compilaciones | 1998-06-21 | |
| Guinea gn 2 instruments | ||
| Loi n° L/2016/037/AN portant Cybersécurité et Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel, titre relatif aux infractions informatiques (cybercriminalité)Loi n° L/2016/037/AN, titre cybercriminalité, portant Cybersécurité et Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel | not recorded | |
| Loi portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique, articles 9 et 22 (bases de données)Loi L/2019/0028/AN, art. 9 et 22 | not recorded | |
| Guyana gy 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrime Act 2018, unauthorised access to a computer systemGuyana, Cybercrime Act, 2018, Act No. 16 of 2018 | 2018-08-13 | |
| Haiti ht 1 instrument | ||
| Décret du 12 octobre 2005 sur le Droit d'Auteur, protection des recueils et bases de donnéesDécret du 12 octobre 2005, Droit d'Auteur, recueils | 2006-03-09 | |
| Honduras hn 2 instruments | ||
| Código Penal, seguridad de las redes y de los sistemas informáticosDecreto No. 130-2017, Código Penal, arts. 398-405 (Seguridad de las Redes y de los Sistemas Informáticos) | 2019-11-10 | |
| Ley del Derecho de Autor, sin excepción de minería de textos y datos, protección de compilacionesDecreto No. 4-99-E, Ley del Derecho de Autor y de los Derechos Conexos, arts. 9(5), 44-50 (Definiciones; Limitaciones y Excepciones) | not recorded | |
| Hungary hu 3 instruments | ||
| Büntető Törvénykönyv (Criminal Code), Sections 423-424, Violation of Information Systems or Data2012. évi C. törvény (Btk.), 423-424. § (Információs rendszer vagy adat megsértése) | not recorded | |
| Szjt. Section 35/A, Text and Data Mining Exception1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 35/A. §, as inserted by 2021. évi XXXVII. törvény 10. § | not recorded | |
| Szjt. Section 84/A, Sui Generis Database Producer's Right1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.), 84/A. § (Az adatbázisok előállítóinak védelme) | not recorded | |
| Iceland is 2 instruments | ||
| Almenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940, Art. 229, Unauthorized Access to Computer-Stored DataAlmenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940 (General Penal Code), 229. gr., eins og henni var breytt með lögum nr. 8/2021 | 2021-02-22 | |
| Höfundalög nr. 73/1972, Art. 50, Sui Generis Database Producer RightHöfundalög nr. 73/1972 (Copyright Act), 50. gr., eins og henni var breytt með lögum nr. 60/2000 | 2000-05-19 | |
| India in 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, No Text-and-Data-Mining Exception, Database Compilations, and Technological Protection MeasuresCopyright Act, 1957 (No. 14 of 1957), ss. 2(o), 51, 52, 63, 65A | 1958-01-21 | |
| Information Technology Act, Unauthorized Access and Computer-Related OffencesInformation Technology Act, 2000 (No. 21 of 2000), as amended by the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 (No. 10 of 2009), ss. 43, 66 | 2000-10-17 | |
| Indonesia id 4 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, database protectionLaw No. 28 of 2014, Articles 40 and 46, Copyright Law | 2014-10-16 | |
| Copyright Law, reproduction right and research exceptionLaw No. 28 of 2014, Articles 9 and 44, Copyright Law | 2014-10-16 | |
| Electronic Information and Transactions Law, unauthorised accessLaw No. 11 of 2008, Article 30 jo. Article 46, Electronic Information and Transactions Law | 2008-04-21 | |
| Personal Data Protection Law, scraped personal dataLaw No. 27 of 2022, Article 20, Personal Data Protection Law | 2022-10-17 | |
| Iran ir 2 instruments | ||
| Electronic Commerce Law, Copyright in Digital Works ChapterElectronic Commerce Law (2003), Arts. 62-63 (copyright in digital works) and Art. 74 (penalty) | 2003-10-24 | |
| Electronic Commerce Law, Trade Secrets ChapterElectronic Commerce Law (2003), Arts. 64-65 (trade secrets) and Art. 75 (penalty) | 2003-10-24 | |
| Iraq iq 1 instrument | ||
| Law No. 3 of 1971 on Copyright, as amended by CPA Order No. 83, compilation protection and reproduction right (Arts. 2, 3, 8, 45)Law No. 3 of 1971 on Copyright (Iraq), as amended by Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 83 of 1 May 2004, Arts. 2, 3, 8, 45 | 2004-05-01 | |
| Ireland ie 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, Database RightCopyright and Related Rights Act 2000 (No. 28 of 2000), Part V, ss. 320, 321, 325 | 2001-01-01 | |
| Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017Criminal Justice (Offences Relating to Information Systems) Act 2017 (No. 11 of 2017), ss. 2-6, 8, 13 | 2017-06-12 | |
| Text and Data Mining Exceptions, Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 ss. 53A-53BEuropean Union (Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market) Regulations 2021 (S.I. No. 567 of 2021), regs. 3-4, inserting and amending ss. 53A and 53B of the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 | 2021-11-12 | |
| Israel il 2 instruments | ||
| Computers Law, unlawful penetration of computer materialComputers Law, 5755-1995 (as amended 2012), s. 4 (unlawful penetration of computer material), s. 5 (penetration to commit another offence) | 1995-10-25 | |
| Copyright Act, Fair UseCopyright Act, 5768-2007, s. 19 (Fair Use) | 2008-05-25 | |
| Italy it 4 instruments | ||
| Codice Penale Art. 615-quater, Illicit Possession or Distribution of Access DevicesCodice Penale, art. 615-quater, as amended by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90 | 2024-07-17 | |
| Codice Penale Art. 615-quinquies, Illicit Malware Devices (Repealed)Codice Penale, art. 615-quinquies, repealed by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90, art. 16, comma 1, lettera d) | [repealed] | |
| Codice Penale Art. 615-ter, Unauthorized Access to a Computer or Telematic SystemCodice Penale, art. 615-ter, as amended by Legge 28 giugno 2024, n. 90 | 2024-07-17 | |
| Legge sul Diritto d'Autore Artt. 102-bis and 102-ter, Sui Generis Database RightLegge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633, artt. 102-bis, 102-ter, inserted by Decreto Legislativo 6 maggio 1999, n. 169 | 1999-06-16 | |
| Legge sul Diritto d'Autore Artt. 70-ter and 70-quater, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionsLegge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633, artt. 70-ter, 70-quater, inserted by Decreto Legislativo 8 novembre 2021, n. 177; art. 70-septies inserted by Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132, art. 25 | 2021-12-12 | |
| Jamaica jm 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, 1993 (as amended by Act 13 of 2015), compilationsCopyright Act, 1993 (Act 5 of 1993, as amended by Act 29 of 1999), s. 3(3A) | not recorded | |
| Copyright Act, 1993 (as amended by Act 13 of 2015), fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Act, 1993 (Act 5 of 1993, as amended by Act 13 of 2015), ss. 52-54 | 1993-09-03 | |
| Cybercrimes Act, 2015, unauthorised access to computer program or dataCybercrimes Act, 2015 (Act 31 of 2015), s. 3 | not recorded | |
| Japan jp 2 instruments | ||
| Act on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access, prohibition of unauthorized accessAct on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access, Act No. 128 of 1999, Arts. 2(4), 3, 11 | not recorded | |
| Copyright Act, information-analysis exception (text and data mining)Copyright Act, Act No. 48 of 1970, Art. 30-4 (inserted by Act No. 30 of 2018) | 2019-01-01 | |
| Jordan jo 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Protection Law, No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionLaw No. 22 of 1992 on Copyright Protection, Art. 17 | not recorded | |
| Cybercrime Law, Unauthorized Access to Information SystemsLaw No. 17 of 2023 on Cybercrime, Arts. 3-4, 6-7 | not recorded | |
| Kazakhstan kz 4 instruments | ||
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, protection of compilations and databasesLaw No. 6-I (10 June 1996), Art. 7 | not recorded | |
| Penal Code, disruption of an informatization objectPenal Code No. 226-V (3 July 2014), Art. 207 | 2025-09-15 | |
| Penal Code, unauthorized access to informationPenal Code No. 226-V (3 July 2014), Art. 205 | 2025-09-15 | |
| Penal Code, unlawful distribution of restricted electronic information resourcesPenal Code No. 226-V (3 July 2014), Art. 211 | 2015-01-01 | |
| Kenya ke 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018, unauthorised accessComputer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018 (No. 5 of 2018), s. 14 (unauthorised access) | 2018-05-30 | |
| Kiribati ki 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrime Act 2021, unauthorised accessCybercrime Act 2021 (No. 10 of 2021), s. 7 (Unauthorised access) | [future] | |
| Kosovo xk 0 instruments | ||
| Law No. 04/L-065 on the Right of the Author and Related Rights, Limitations on Economic RightsLaw No. 04/L-065, ch. IV (limitations of the right of the author) | 2011-12-15[repealed] | |
| Law No. 04/L-065 on the Right of the Author and Related Rights, Sui Generis Database RightLaw No. 04/L-065, arts. 147-153 (database right) | 2011-12-15[repealed] | |
| Kuwait kw 1 instrument | ||
| Electronic Transactions Law, Unauthorised Access to an Electronic Data Processing SystemElectronic Transactions Law (Law No. 20 of 2014), art. 37, unauthorised access to electronic data processing system | not recorded | |
| Kyrgyzstan kg 1 instrument | ||
| Criminal Code, unauthorized access to computer informationCriminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, No. 127 (28 October 2021), Chapter 40, Art. 319 | not recorded | |
| Laos la 2 instruments | ||
| Law on Intellectual Property, Copyright Exceptions and Data CompilationsLaw on Intellectual Property No. 50/NA (20 Nov 2023), arts. 103, 113 | 2024-01-24 | |
| Penal Code, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemPenal Code No. 26/NA (17 May 2017), arts. 164-165 | not recorded | |
| Latvia lv 3 instruments | ||
| Autortiesību likums Article 21.1, Text and Data Mining Exception (Scraping and AI Training)Autortiesību likums (scraping), 21.1 pants, pievienots ar 2023. gada 23. marta likumu 'Grozījumi Autortiesību likumā' (Latvijas Vēstnesis, 67, 04.04.2023.), stājas spēkā 05.04.2023. | 2023-04-05 | |
| Autortiesību likums Chapter IX, Sui Generis Database RightAutortiesību likums, IX nodaļa (57.-62. pants), Datubāzes aizsardzības īpatnības (sui generis), grozīta ar 2023. gada 23. marta likumu, stājas spēkā 05.04.2023. | 2023-04-05 | |
| Krimināllikums Sections 241, 243, 244, Automated Data Processing System OffencesKrimināllikums, 241., 243. un 244. pants | 2024-07-04 | |
| Lebanon lb 1 instrument | ||
| Law No. 81/2018 on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, Illegal Access to an Information System and Related IT-System OffencesLaw No. 81, Official Gazette of Lebanon, Part VI Chapter I (Crimes Related to IT Systems and Data, Arts. 110-115), promulgated 10 October 2018 | not recorded | |
| Lesotho ls 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Order, 1989, Absence of a Text-and-Data-Mining Exception or Database RightCopyright Order, 1989 (Order No. 13 of 1989), ss. 2, 5 | not recorded | |
| Penal Code Act, 2010, Misuse of Property of AnotherPenal Code Act, 2010 (Act No. 6 of 2012), s. 62 | 2012-03-09 | |
| Liberia lr 2 instruments | ||
| Cybercrime Act of 2025Cybercrime Act of 2025 | [future] | |
| Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016, database compilation and private-copy exclusion (§§ 9.3, 9.4, 9.10)Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016, §§ 9.3, 9.4, 9.10 (Database Compilation and Private-Copy Exclusion) | 2016-06-14 | |
| Libya ly 2 instruments | ||
| Law No. 5 of 2022 on Combating Cybercrimes, unauthorised access and system interferenceLaw No. 5 of 2022 Concerning Combating Cybercrimes, arts. 10-16 | 2022-09-27 | |
| Law No. 9 of 1968, protected works and collectionsLaw No. 9 of 1968 Issuing the Copyright Protection Law, arts. 2, 4 | 1968-03-30 | |
| Liechtenstein li 4 instruments | ||
| Strafgesetzbuch Art. 118a, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemStGB, LGBl. 1988 Nr. 37, § 118a, inserted by LGBl. 2009 Nr. 228 | not recorded | |
| Strafgesetzbuch Arts. 126a to 126c, Data Damage, System Interference and Misuse of DevicesStGB, LGBl. 1988 Nr. 37, §§ 126a-126c, inserted by LGBl. 2009 Nr. 228 | not recorded | |
| Urheberrechtsgesetz Art. 22, Privileged UsesURG, LGBl. 1999 Nr. 160, Art. 22 | not recorded | |
| Urheberrechtsgesetz, Sui Generis Database RightURG, LGBl. 1999 Nr. 160, Arts. 45-49 and 64 | not recorded | |
| Lithuania lt 1 instrument | ||
| Criminal Code Arts. 196-198 and 198-1, Computer Misuse and Unauthorised Access OffensesBK arts. 196, 197, 198, 198-1 | 2025-02-01 | |
| Luxembourg lu 3 instruments | ||
| Code penal, Computer Misuse Offences (Unauthorized Access, Interference, Data Introduction, Devices, Attempt, Association)C.pen. arts. 509-1 a 509-7 | not recorded | |
| Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, Sui Generis Database Right (Art. 67)Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnees, art. 67 | 2001-05-03 | |
| Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, Text and Data Mining Exception (Art. 10, points 15 and 16)Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnees, art. 10, points 15 et 16, ajoutes par la loi du 1er avril 2022 portant transposition de la directive (UE) 2019/790 | not recorded | |
| Madagascar mg 2 instruments | ||
| Law No. 2014-006, fraudulent access to an information systemLoi n° 2014-006 sur la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 3, 4 et 6 (accès et maintien frauduleux) | not recorded | |
| Law No. 94-036, protection of databases as compilationsLoi n° 94-036, art. 6 et 7 (protection des banques de données) | 1995-11-06 | |
| Malawi mw 1 instrument | ||
| Electronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016, unauthorized access to dataElectronic Transactions and Cyber Security Act, 2016, s. 84 (unauthorized access, interception or interference with data) | 2017-06-01 | |
| Malaysia my 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Crimes Act 1997, unauthorised access to computer materialComputer Crimes Act 1997 (Act 563), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) | 2000-06-01 | |
| Copyright Act 1987, fair dealing exception and absence of a text-and-data-mining exception or database rightCopyright Act 1987 (Act 332), s. 13(2)(a) and s. 13(2A) (Fair Dealing) | 1987-12-01 | |
| Maldives mv 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Related Rights Act, protection of databases as compilationsCopyright and Related Rights Act (Law No. 23/2010), ss. 3-6 | not recorded | |
| Copyright and Related Rights Act, quotation and informational-purpose exceptionsCopyright and Related Rights Act (Law No. 23/2010), ss. 10, 12(b)(3), 14, 17 | not recorded | |
| Mali ml 1 instrument | ||
| Loi n° 2019-056, accès et maintien frauduleux à un système d'informationLoi n° 2019-056 du 5 décembre 2019 portant répression de la cybercriminalité, arts. 4-5 (accès et maintien frauduleux à un système d information) | 2019-12-13 | |
| Malta mt 2 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code Article 337C, Unlawful Access to, or Use of, InformationCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337C | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Article 337D, Misuse of HardwareCriminal Code (Cap. 9), Art. 337D | not recorded | |
| Mauritania mr 1 instrument | ||
| Loi n° 2016-007, accès non autorisé à un système informatiqueLoi n° 2016-007 du 20 janvier 2016 relative à la cybercriminalité, arts. 6-7 (accès non autorisé) | 2016-01-20 | |
| Mauritius mu 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003 (repealed)Computer Misuse and Cybercrime Act 2003 (Act 22 of 2003) | 2003-08-09[repealed] | |
| Copyright Act 2014, limitations on economic rights and offencesCopyright Act 2014 (Act No. 2 of 2014), ss. 16-22, 56 (limitations on economic rights, and offences) | not recorded | |
| Cybersecurity and Cybercrime Act 2021, unauthorised access offencesCybersecurity and Cybercrime Act 2021 (Act No. 16 of 2021), Part III (ss. 7-13, unauthorised access and related offences) | 2021-12-10 | |
| Mexico mx 3 instruments | ||
| Código Penal Federal, Unauthorised Access to Computer Systems and Equipment (Arts. 211 bis 1 to 211 bis 7)Código Penal Federal, Arts. 211 bis 1 al 211 bis 7 | not recorded | |
| Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Database Compilation and Non-Original Database Protection (Arts. 107 to 110)Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA), arts. 107 a 110 | not recorded | |
| Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Technological Protection Measures and Circumvention (Arts. 114 Bis, 232 Bis)Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA), arts. 114 Bis y 232 Bis, adicionados por decreto publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 1 de julio de 2020 | 2020-07-02 | |
| Moldova md 4 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, Reproduction Exceptions and No Text-and-Data-Mining Opt-OutLegea nr. 230 din 28 iulie 2022 privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe, art. 55-57 (exceptii si limitari la dreptul de reproducere) | 2022-10-09 | |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, Sui Generis Database RightLegea nr. 230 din 28 iulie 2022 privind dreptul de autor si drepturile conexe, art. 48-53 (dreptul sui generis asupra bazelor de date) | 2022-10-09 | |
| Criminal Code, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemCodul penal al Republicii Moldova (Legea nr. 985-XV din 18 aprilie 2002, cu modificarile ulterioare), art. 259 | 2024-09-07 | |
| Personal Data Protection Law, Reach Over Scraped Public Personal DataLegea nr. 195/2024 privind protectia datelor cu caracter personal, art. 6, art. 9(2)(e) | 2026-08-23 | |
| Monaco mc 1 instrument | ||
| Code Penal Arts. 389-1 to 389-9, Unauthorized Access, System Interference and Data DamageCode penal, art. 389-1 a 389-9 (Titre II, Chapitre II, Section IV, Des delits relatifs aux systemes d'information), crees par la loi n. 1.435 du 8 novembre 2016 relative a la lutte contre la criminalite technologique | 2016-11-18 | |
| Mongolia mn 2 instruments | ||
| Law on Copyright, database protection and reproduction restrictionLaw of Mongolia on Copyright, Arts. 4.1.6, 6.1.12, 23-24 (databases; revised edition promulgated May 6, 2021) | not recorded | |
| Law on Copyright, quotation and news free-use exceptionsLaw of Mongolia on Copyright, Arts. 38-39, 42-45 (limitations and news use; revised edition promulgated May 6, 2021) | not recorded | |
| Montenegro me 2 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code of Montenegro, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemCriminal Code of Montenegro, Art. 353 (Unauthorised Access to a Computer System), Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro Nos. 70/03, 13/04, 47/06 and Official Gazette of Montenegro Nos. 40/08, 25/10, 32/11, 64/11, 40/13, 56/13, 14/15, 42/15, 58/15, 44/17, 49/18 | not recorded | |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Makers of DatabasesLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of Makers of Databases, Arts. 139-145, Official Gazette of Montenegro No. 37/2011, 53/2016 and 145/2021 | not recorded | |
| Morocco ma 1 instrument | ||
| Law No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights, Database and Reproduction ProvisionsLaw No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights, Arts. 5(b), 10 and 12(c) (database and reproduction provisions), promulgated by Dahir No. 1-00-20 of 9 Kaada 1420 (15 February 2000), as amended by Law No. 34-05 | 2001-01-06 | |
| Mozambique mz 1 instrument | ||
| Electronic Transactions Law, Computer Misuse ContraventionsLei n.º 3/2017, de 9 de Janeiro, arts. 67 e 68 (Transacções Electrónicas) | not recorded | |
| Myanmar mm 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, compilation protection with no sui generis database rightCopyright Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 15/2019), s. 15, s. 24 | [future] | |
| Copyright Law, reproduction exceptions and computer programme adaptationCopyright Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 15/2019), ss. 18, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30 | [future] | |
| Electronic Transactions Law, unauthorized interference and interception offencesElectronic Transactions Law (State Peace and Development Council Law No. 5/2004, as amended by Law No. 6/2014), s. 34 | 2004-04-30 | |
| Namibia na 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, Fair Dealing and Compilation ProtectionCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, ss. 2, 15-16 | 1996-03-15 | |
| Nauru nr 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrime Act 2015, illegal access to a protected computerCybercrime Act 2015 (No. 14 of 2015), s. 6 (illegal access) | 2015-05-12 | |
| Nepal np 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, 2059, citation and current-information reproduction exceptionsCopyright Act, 2059 (2002), ss. 17, 20 | 2002-08-15 | |
| Copyright Act, 2059, database compilation protection and digital reproduction limitCopyright Act, 2059 (2002), ss. 3(2), 16(2) | 2002-08-15 | |
| Electronic Transactions Act, 2063, unauthorised access to computer materialsElectronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2008), s. 45 | 2006-09-02 | |
| Netherlands nl 3 instruments | ||
| Auteurswet, artt. 15n and 15o, Text and Data Mining ExceptionsAuteurswet, artt. 15n, 15o (BWBR0001886) | 2021-06-07 | |
| Databankenwet, Sui Generis Database RightDatabankenwet (BWBR0010591) | 1999-07-21 | |
| Wetboek van Strafrecht, art. 138ab, Computervredebreuk (Computer Trespass)Wetboek van Strafrecht, art. 138ab (BWBR0001854) | 2025-05-15 | |
| New Zealand nz 4 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act 1994, Fair Dealing and No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionCopyright Act 1994 (NZ), No 143, ss. 2, 42, 43 | 1995-01-01 | |
| Copyright Act 1994, Technological Protection MeasuresCopyright Act 1994 (NZ), No 143, ss. 226A, 226C | 2008-10-31 | |
| Crimes Act 1961, Accessing a Computer System Without AuthorisationCrimes Act 1961 (NZ), No 43, s. 252 | 2003-10-01 | |
| Privacy Act 2020, Reach Over Scraped Personal InformationPrivacy Act 2020 (NZ), No 31, ss. 4, 7, 22 (IPP 1, 2) | 2020-12-01 | |
| Nicaragua ni 3 instruments | ||
| Ley No. 1042, interference with and damage to computer systems, as reformed by Ley No. 1219Ley No. 1042, as reformed by Ley No. 1219 (2024), arts. 8-10 | 2024-09-12 | |
| Ley No. 1042, unauthorized access to computer systemsLey No. 1042, 27-Oct-2020, arts. 4-5 | 2020-12-29 | |
| Ley No. 312, protection of compilations and databasesLey No. 312 (1999, as amended), arts. 14, 31.3 | 1999-08-31 | |
| Niger ne 1 instrument | ||
| Loi n° 2019-33, accès illégal et maintien frauduleuxLoi n° 2019-33, accès illégal et maintien frauduleux dans un système informatique, répression de la cybercriminalité au Niger, du 3 juillet 2019, art. 3 et 4 | not recorded | |
| Nigeria ng 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, unlawful access to a computerCybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, s. 6 (unlawful access to a computer) | not recorded | |
| North Korea kp 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, Computer Program Protection and Use-Without-Permission ExceptionsCopyright Law, Computer Program Protection and Use-Without-Permission Exceptions, Arts. 9(8) and 32, 2001 (amended 2006) | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code, Computer and Information OffencesCriminal Code, Computer and Information Offences, Arts. 201-203 (amended up to April 2009) | not recorded | |
| Law on the Protection of Computer Software, Prohibited Acts and SupervisionLaw on the Protection of Computer Software, Arts. 34 and 39, 2003 | not recorded | |
| North Macedonia mk 3 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code, Damage and Unauthorized Entry into a Computer SystemCriminal Code, OG No. 37/1996, art. 251 | not recorded | |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, General Exceptions and QuotationLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, OG No. 115/2010, art. 51-52 | not recorded | |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Rights of the Database MakerLaw on Copyright and Related Rights, OG No. 115/2010, arts. 118-120 | not recorded | |
| Norway no 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, Sui Generis Database RightAct relating to Copyright in Intellectual Works, etc. (Copyright Act), LOV-2018-06-15-40, as amended to 1 September 2021, s. 24 | 2018-07-01 | |
| Penal Code, Unauthorised Access to a Computer SystemStraffeloven (Penal Code), LOV-2005-05-20-28, kapittel 21 (Vern av informasjon og informasjonsutveksling), § 204 | not recorded | |
| Oman om 4 instruments | ||
| Cybercrime Combat Law, unauthorized access to a website or information systemRoyal Decree No. 61/2026, Art. 5 | not recorded | |
| Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, database compilations and absence of a sui generis rightRoyal Decree No. 65/2008, Arts. 2(b), 3(c), 4 | 2008-05-18 | |
| Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, exceptions and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionRoyal Decree No. 65/2008, Arts. 4, 20 | 2008-05-18 | |
| Personal Data Protection Law, reach over scraped public personal dataRoyal Decree No. 6/2022, Art. 3(j) | 2023-02-09 | |
| Pakistan pk 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Ordinance 1962, closed enumerated fair dealing exceptionsCopyright Ordinance 1962, s. 57 (fair dealing) | not recorded | |
| Copyright Ordinance 1962, scope of copyright in a compilationCopyright Ordinance 1962, s. 13(3) (compilation copyright) | not recorded | |
| Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, unauthorized access and interference offencesPrevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, ss. 3, 5 and 6 (Act No. XL of 2016) | not recorded | |
| Palau pw 1 instrument | ||
| Penal Code, unauthorized computer access17 PNCA secs. 3101, 3109-3111 (Computer Crimes, Unauthorized Computer Access) | not recorded | |
| Panama pa 1 instrument | ||
| Código Penal, Delitos contra la Seguridad InformáticaCódigo Penal de la República de Panamá (texto único 2010), Libro Segundo, Título VIII, Capítulo I, arts. 289-292 | not recorded | |
| Papua New Guinea pg 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000, Exceptions to Copyright and EnforcementCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000 (PNG), No. 21 of 2000, ss. 5, 8, 10, 14, 27-28 | not recorded | |
| Paraguay py 3 instruments | ||
| Código Penal, arts. 146 b y 174 b, introducidos por la Ley N° 4439/2011, acceso indebido a datos y a sistemas informáticosLey N° 1160/97 (Código Penal), arts. 146 b y 174 b, introducidos por la Ley N° 4439/2011 | 2011-10-05 | |
| Ley N° 1328/1998, art. 4, numeral 14, bases de datos como compilaciónLey N° 1328/1998, de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, art. 4, numeral 14 | 1998-10-20 | |
| Ley N° 1328/1998, arts. 8, 40 y 41, límites y excepciones al derecho de autorLey N° 1328/1998, de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, arts. 8, 40 y 41 | 1998-10-20 | |
| Peru pe 4 instruments | ||
| Decreto Legislativo 1700, illicit trafficking of computer data (art. 12-A of Ley 30096)Decreto Legislativo 1700 (24 January 2026), incorporating art. 12-A into Ley 30096, as amended by Decreto Legislativo 1741 (13 February 2026) | not recorded | |
| Decreto Legislativo 822, protection of compilations and databasesDecreto Legislativo 822, arts. 5(l) and 48 (protection of compilations and databases), Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, as consolidated to Decreto Legislativo 1391 (2018) | 1996-05-24 | |
| Decreto Legislativo 822, quotation exceptionDecreto Legislativo 822, art. 44 (quotation exception), Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, as consolidated to Decreto Legislativo 1391 (2018) | 1996-05-24 | |
| Ley 30096, unauthorized access and data/system integrity offensesLey 30096, Ley de Delitos Informáticos (2013), arts. 2-4, 7, 10-12, as amended by Ley 30171 (2014) and Decreto Legislativo 1614 (2023) | 2013-10-22 | |
| Philippines ph 4 instruments | ||
| Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, Illegal Access, Interception, and Data InterferenceRepublic Act No. 10175 (2012), Sections 4(a)(1)-(3), 8 | not recorded | |
| Data Privacy Act of 2012, Application to Scraped Public Personal DataRepublic Act No. 10173 (2012), Section 12 | not recorded | |
| Intellectual Property Code, Compilation of Data and the News-of-the-Day ExclusionRepublic Act No. 8293 (1997), Sections 172-173, 175 | 1998-01-01 | |
| Intellectual Property Code, Fair Use of a Copyrighted WorkRepublic Act No. 8293 (1997), Section 185 | 1998-01-01 | |
| Poland pl 3 instruments | ||
| Kodeks karny, Unauthorized Access to Information and Computer-Misuse OffensesUstawa z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. Kodeks karny (Dz.U. 1997 nr 88 poz. 553, tekst jednolity), art. 267-269c | not recorded | |
| Ustawa o ochronie baz danych, Sui Generis Database RightUstawa z dnia 27 lipca 2001 r. o ochronie baz danych (tekst jednolity Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1769), art. 2, 6-8, 10-11 | 2002-11-10 | |
| Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionsUstawa z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych (tekst jednolity Dz.U. 2025 poz. 24), art. 26(2) i art. 26(3), dodane ustawa z dnia 26 lipca 2024 r. (Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1254) | 2024-09-20 | |
| Portugal pt 3 instruments | ||
| CDADC Text and Data Mining ExceptionCDADC art. 75.º(2)(v)-(w), Text and Data Mining Exception, as amended by Decreto-Lei n.º 47/2023, de 19 de junho, art. 3.º | 2023-07-04 | |
| Lei do Cibercrime Article 6, Illegal Access to a Computer SystemLei n.º 109/2009, de 15 de setembro (Lei do Cibercrime), art. 6.º | 2009-10-15 | |
| Sui Generis Database Right, Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2000Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2000, de 4 de julho, arts. 4.º, 11.º e 12.º, art. 11.º as amended by Decreto-Lei n.º 47/2023, de 19 de junho, art. 4.º | not recorded | |
| Qatar qa 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Protection Law, database and excluded subject matterLaw No. 7 of 2002, arts. 3(3), 4 | 2002-08-03 | |
| Copyright Protection Law, exceptions to copyrightLaw No. 7 of 2002, arts. 18, 20-21 | 2002-08-03 | |
| Cybercrime Prevention Law, unauthorised accessLaw No. 14 of 2014 (Cybercrime Prevention Law), arts. 2-4 | not recorded | |
| Republic of the Congo cg 1 instrument | ||
| Law on Combating Cybercrime, Unauthorised Access, Interference and Fraudulent Copying of DataLoi n° 27-2020 du 5 juin 2020 portant lutte contre la cybercriminalité, arts. 4, 5, 6, 63 | not recorded | |
| Romania ro 2 instruments | ||
| Cod penal, Art. 360-366, Infracțiuni contra siguranței și integrității sistemelor și datelor informatice (Offences Against the Security and Integrity of Computer Systems and Data)Codul penal (Legea nr. 286/2009), art. 360-366 | 2014-02-01 | |
| Legea nr. 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor și drepturile conexe, art. 36^1-36^2, Text and Data Mining Exceptions, inserted by Legea nr. 69/2022Legea nr. 69/2022, art. I pct. 11, inserting art. 36^1-36^2 into Legea nr. 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor și drepturile conexe, republicată (Monitorul Oficial nr. 321 din 1 aprilie 2022) | not recorded | |
| Russia ru 5 instruments | ||
| Civil Code Part IV, Database Maker's Exclusive RightCivil Code of the Russian Federation, Part IV, Arts. 1334-1336 | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Article 272, Unauthorized Access to Computer InformationCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 272 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Article 273, Creation, Use and Distribution of Malicious Computer ProgramsCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 273 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Article 274, Violation of Rules for Operating Computer-Information Storage, Processing or Transmission SystemsCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 274 (No. 63-FZ, 1996) | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code Article 274.1, Unlawful Impact on Critical Information InfrastructureCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 274.1 (added 2017) | not recorded | |
| Rwanda rw 1 instrument | ||
| Law on Prevention and Punishment of Cybercrimes, unauthorized accessLaw N° 60/2018 of 25/09/2018 on Prevention and Punishment of Cyber Crimes, art. 16 (Unauthorized access to a computer or a computer system data) | 2018-09-25 | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis kn 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, 2024, protection of compilations of dataCopyright Act, 2024 (No. 14 of 2024), s. 4(3) (compilations of data) | not recorded | |
| Electronic Crimes Act, illegal access and related computer-misuse offencesElectronic Crimes Act (Cap. 4.41; Act 27 of 2009, as amended by Act 26 of 2012), ss. 4, 5, 6, 11 | 2009-11-26 | |
| Electronic Transactions Act, formation and validity of contractsElectronic Transactions Act (Cap. 18.44; Act 9 of 2011), s. 16 (Formation and validity of contracts) | 2011-04-14 | |
| Saint Lucia lc 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Misuse Act, unauthorized access, interception and modificationAct 12 of 2011, Laws of Saint Lucia, ss. 5, 7 and 8 (unauthorized access, interception and modification) | 2018-07-06 | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines vc 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright Act, 2003, fair dealing and compilation copyrightCopyright Act, 2003 (Act No. 21 of 2003), ss. 2, 5, 50-52 (literary work, protected works, research/private study, criticism/review/reporting, determining fair dealing) | 2004-11-30 | |
| Samoa ws 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act 1998, compilation-only protection of collections and databasesCopyright Act 1998, No. 25 (Samoa), s. 4(1)(b) (protection of collections and databases) | 1998-09-01 | |
| Crimes Act 2013, computer-access and interference offencesCrimes Act 2013, No. 10 (Samoa), Part 18 (ss. 206-214) | 2013-05-01 | |
| Electronic Transactions Act 2008, electronic contract and signature recognitionElectronic Transactions Act 2008, No. 15 (Samoa), ss. 4, 8 (consent to electronic records and electronic signatures) | 2008-05-08 | |
| San Marino sm 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Crimes Law, Unlawful Access to Computer or Telematics SystemsLegge 23 agosto 2016 n. 114 (Computer Crimes), art. 2, inserting art. 182-bis of the Criminal Code | not recorded | |
| Saudi Arabia sa 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, database compilations and absence of a sui generis rightRoyal Decree No. M/41, Art. 3(5) database compilations, no sui generis right (2 Rajab 1424H, 30 August 2003) | not recorded | |
| Copyright Law, exceptions article and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionRoyal Decree No. M/41, Art. 15 exceptions, no text-and-data-mining exception (2 Rajab 1424H, 30 August 2003) | not recorded | |
| Personal Data Protection Law, publicly available source groundRoyal Decree No. M/19, Arts. 10, 15 publicly available source ground (9/2/1443H, 16 September 2021) | not recorded | |
| Senegal sn 1 instrument | ||
| Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 sur la Cybercriminalité, unauthorized computer-system access (Penal Code arts. 431-8 to 431-9)Loi n° 2008-11 du 25 janvier 2008 portant sur la Cybercriminalité, Code pénal arts. 431-8 to 431-9 | 2008-01-25 | |
| Serbia rs 2 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code, Offences Against the Security of Computer DataKrivicni zakonik (Criminal Code), Official Gazette RS No. 85/2005 et seq., Arts. 298-304a | 2006-01-01 | |
| Law on Copyright and Related Rights, Right of the Database ProducerZakon o autorskom i srodnim pravima, Arts. 137-140v (Right of the Database Producer), Official Gazette RS No. 104/2009, 99/2011, 119/2012, 29/2016 and 66/2019 | not recorded | |
| Seychelles sc 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Misuse Act, 1998, unauthorised access (repealed)Computer Misuse Act, 1998 (Act 17 of 1998; Chapter 4), s. 3 (unauthorised access to computer) | 1998-12-28[repealed] | |
| Cybercrimes and other Related Crimes Act, 2021, unauthorised access to a computer systemCybercrimes and other Related Crimes Act, 2021 (Act 59 of 2021), s. 4 (unauthorised access to computer system) | 2022-02-01 | |
| Sierra Leone sl 1 instrument | ||
| Cyber Security and Crime Act, 2021, unauthorised accessCyber Security and Crime Act, 2021 (Act No. 7 of 2021), s. 33 (Unauthorised Access) | 2021-11-15 | |
| Singapore sg 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Misuse Act, Unauthorised Access to Computer MaterialComputer Misuse Act 1993 (Cap. 50A), s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Material) | 1993-08-30 | |
| Copyright Act, Computational Data Analysis Exception and Non-Override RuleCopyright Act 2021, ss. 243-244 and s. 187 (Computational Data Analysis Exception) | 2021-11-21 | |
| Slovakia sk 2 instruments | ||
| Autorsky zakon, TDM ExceptionAct 185/2015 Coll., ss. 51b-51c (as amended by Act 71/2022 Coll.), scraping | 2022-03-25 | |
| Trestny zakon, Unauthorized Access to a Computer System and Related OffencesAct 300/2005 Coll. (Trestny zakon), ss. 247-247d | 2006-01-01 | |
| Slovenia si 1 instrument | ||
| Kazenski zakonik (KZ-1, Criminal Code), Art. 221, Napad na informacijski sistem (Attack on an Information System)KZ-1, Art. 221 | not recorded | |
| Solomon Islands sb 1 instrument | ||
| Telecommunications Act 2009, Unauthorised-Access and Interception OffencesTelecommunications Act 2009 (Solomon Islands), Part 19 (Offences), s. 120 | not recorded | |
| South Africa za 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrimes Act, unlawful access and unlawful interception of dataCybercrimes Act 19 of 2020, ss. 2 (unlawful access) and 3 (unlawful interception of data) | 2021-12-01 | |
| South Korea kr 4 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, Arts. 91-98 (database producer's right)Copyright Act of the Republic of Korea (Act No. 432, as amended), Arts. 91-98 | 2003-07-01 | |
| Information and Communications Network Act, Article 48 (network intrusion and anti-circumvention)Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, Etc. (Act No. 21305, as amended), Art. 48 | 2024-01-23 | |
| Personal Information Protection Act, Art. 15(1)(vi), as applied by the PIPC's publicly-available-data AI guidelinePersonal Information Protection Act (Act No. 18972, as amended), Art. 15(1)(vi); PIPC Guideline for Personal Data Processing for the Development and Utilization of Generative AI (issued 2024-07-18) | 2024-07-18 | |
| Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act, Art. 2(1) items ka and pa (data misappropriation and general catch-all)Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act (Act No. 21065, as amended), Art. 2(1)(ka), (pa) | 2025-10-01 | |
| South Sudan ss 2 instruments | ||
| National Communication Act, 2012, confidentiality and unauthorised interception of communicationsThe National Communication Act, 2012 (Act 24 of 2012), ss. 96 and 98(1)(e) | not recorded | |
| Penal Code Act, 2008, computer and electronic related offencesThe Penal Code Act, 2008 (Act 9 of 2008), ss. 388-394 (Computer and Electronic Related Offences) | 2008-08-22 | |
| Spain es 3 instruments | ||
| Codigo Penal Article 197 bis, Unauthorized Access to an Information SystemLey Organica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Codigo Penal, art. 197 bis, added by Ley Organica 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, art. unico.107 (BOE-A-1995-25444, BOE-A-2015-3439) | 2015-07-01 | |
| RDL 24/2021 Article 67, Text and Data Mining ExceptionReal Decreto-ley 24/2021, de 2 de noviembre, Libro Cuarto, Titulo II, art. 67 (Mineria de textos y datos) (BOE-A-2021-17910) | 2021-11-04 | |
| TRLPI Articles 133 to 137, Sui Generis Database RightReal Decreto Legislativo 1/1996 (TRLPI), arts. 133-137, added by Ley 5/1998, de 6 de marzo (BOE-A-1996-8930, BOE-A-1998-5568) | 1998-04-01 | |
| Sri Lanka lk 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Crime Act, unauthorised access, modification and dealing with unlawfully obtained dataComputer Crime Act, No. 24 of 2007, ss. 3-7 | [future] | |
| Intellectual Property Act, fair use and compilations of dataIntellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003, ss. 7, 8(c), 11 | not recorded | |
| State of Palestine ps 1 instrument | ||
| Law by Decree No. 10 of 2018 on Cybercrime, Unauthorised Access and Computer InterferenceLaw by Decree No. 10 of 2018 on Cybercrime, arts. 4-9 | not recorded | |
| Law by Decree No. 16 of 2017 on Cybercrime (Repealed)Law by Decree No. 16 of 2017 on Cybercrime | [repealed] | |
| Sudan sd 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright Act, Computer-Readable Databases as CompilationsCopyright Act, 2013 (Sudan), arts. 5(2)(d) and 34 | not recorded | |
| Suriname sr 1 instrument | ||
| Wetboek van Strafrecht, Hacking and Denial of Access (arts. 187b-187c)Wetboek van Strafrecht (G.B. 1911 no. 1, as revised S.B. 2015 no. 44), arts. 187b-187c (hacking and denial of access) | not recorded | |
| Sweden se 3 instruments | ||
| Brottsbalken 4 kap. 9 c §, Unauthorized Computer Access (Dataintrång)Brottsbalk (1962:700) 4 kap. 9 c § | 2026-08-01 | |
| Upphovsrättslagen 15 a-15 c §§, Text and Data Mining ExceptionUpphovsrättslag (1960:729) 15 a-15 c §§, as added by Lag (2022:1712) | 2023-01-01 | |
| Upphovsrättslagen 49 §, Sui Generis Database Right (Katalogskydd)Upphovsrättslag (1960:729) 49 § | 1998-01-01 | |
| Switzerland ch 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Act, Scientific Research Text and Data Mining ExceptionFederal Act on Copyright and Related Rights (URG/LDA), SR 231.1, Art. 24d | 2020-04-01 | |
| Swiss Criminal Code, Unauthorised Access to and Interference with Data Processing SystemsSwiss Criminal Code (StGB/CP/CP), SR 311.0, Art. 143, 143bis, 144bis | 2012-01-01 | |
| Unfair Competition Act, Exploitation of Another Person's Market-Ready Work ProductFederal Act against Unfair Competition (UWG/LCD), SR 241, Art. 2, 5 lit. c, 23 | 1988-03-01 | |
| Syria sy 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright Law, No Text-and-Data-Mining ExceptionLaw No. 62 of 2013 on Copyright and Related Rights, Art. 40 (Database and Software Exceptions) | not recorded | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe st 2 instruments | ||
| Decreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, protecção de compilações e exclusão das notícias do diaDecreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, arts. 3 e 7, de 19 de Abril de 2017, Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos | 2017-04-17 | |
| Decreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, utilizações livres e reprodução técnicaDecreto-Lei n.º 02/2017, arts. 75-76 e 197, de 19 de Abril de 2017, Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos | 2017-04-17 | |
| Tajikistan tj 2 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code, illegal access, modification, sabotage and unlawful possession of computer informationCriminal Code (1998, as amended to 2020), Arts. 298-301 | not recorded | |
| Criminal Code, infringement of copyright and related rightsCriminal Code (1998, as amended to 2020), Art. 156 | not recorded | |
| Tanzania tz 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, protection of compilations and databasesCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999 (Cap. 218), s. 6(1)(b) (derivative works: compilations of data or data bases) | 1999-12-31 | |
| Cybercrimes Act, 2015, unauthorised access and interference offencesCybercrimes Act, 2015 (Act No. 14 of 2015), ss. 4-9 (illegal access, illegal remaining, illegal interception, illegal data interference, illegal system interference, data espionage) | 2015-09-01 | |
| Personal Data Protection Act, 2022, application to processing of personal dataPersonal Data Protection Act, 2022 (Act No. 11 of 2022), s. 22 (application: collection of personal data) | 2023-05-01 | |
| Thailand th 2 instruments | ||
| Act on Computer Crime, unauthorized access and interceptionAct on Computer Crime B.E. 2550 (2007), Sections 5 to 8 | not recorded | |
| Copyright Act, fair-use exception and absence of a text-and-data-mining exceptionCopyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994), Section 32 | 1995-03-21 | |
| The Bahamas bs 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Misuse Act 2003, unauthorised access, modification and interception offencesComputer Misuse Act, Ch. 107A, Laws of The Bahamas, ss. 3-9 (unauthorised access, modification and interception offences) | 2003-06-16 | |
| Copyright Act 1998, compilation and database protectionCopyright Act, Ch. 323, Laws of The Bahamas, s. 2 (definition of compilation), s. 5 (category of works of authorship) | 2000-01-04 | |
| The Gambia gm 1 instrument | ||
| Information and Communications Act, 2009, Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime partInformation and Communications Act, 2009 (No. 2 of 2009), Chapter III, Part III (Computer Misuse and Cyber Crime, ss. 163-169) | 2009-05-29 | |
| Timor-Leste tl 1 instrument | ||
| Copyright and Related Rights Code, Reproduction Right and CounterfeitingLaw No. 14/2022 (Copyright and Related Rights Code), arts. 10(1)(l), 147 (Reproduction Right, Compilations, and Counterfeiting) | not recorded | |
| Togo tg 1 instrument | ||
| Loi n° 2018-026, accès et maintien frauduleux à un système informatiqueLoi n° 2018-026 du 07 décembre 2018 sur la cybersécurité et la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, art. 8 (accès et maintien frauduleux à un système informatique) | not recorded | |
| Tonga to 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Crimes Act 2003, unauthorised accessComputer Crimes Act, 2003 (Act 14 of 2003), s. 4 (Illegal access) | not recorded | |
| Protection Against Unfair Competition Act 2002, general unfair-competition clauseProtection Against Unfair Competition Act 2002 (Act No. 19 of 2002, 2020 Revised Edition), s. 4 | 2008-09-01 | |
| Trinidad and Tobago tt 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Misuse Act 2000, Unauthorised AccessAct 26 of 2000 (Computer Misuse Act), Chap. 11:17, s. 3 (Unauthorised Access to Computer Program or Data) | 2000-11-02 | |
| Copyright Act 1997, Protection of Collections and DatabasesCopyright Act, 1997 (Chap. 82:80), s. 6(1)(b) (Collections and Databases) | 1997-10-01 | |
| Tunisia tn 1 instrument | ||
| Decree-Law on Cybercrime, unauthorised accessDécret-loi n° 2022-54 du 13 septembre 2022, relatif à la lutte contre les infractions se rapportant aux systèmes d'information et de communication, art. 16 | 2022-09-16 | |
| Turkey tr 2 instruments | ||
| Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, Database Producer RightLaw No. 5846, Ek Madde 8 (added by Law No. 5101, 3 March 2004) | 2004-09-12 | |
| Turkish Penal Code, Information System CrimesLaw No. 5237 (Turkish Penal Code), Arts. 243-244 (Bilişim Alanında Suçlar) | 2005-06-01 | |
| Turkmenistan tm 2 instruments | ||
| Criminal Code, malicious programsCriminal Code of Turkmenistan, art. 379 (Law No. 456-VI of 17 April 2022, new redaction, in force 1 January 2023) | 2023-01-01 | |
| Criminal Code, unlawful access to an information systemCriminal Code of Turkmenistan, art. 373 (Law No. 456-VI of 17 April 2022, new redaction, in force 1 January 2023) | 2023-01-01 | |
| Tuvalu tv 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright Ordinance, infringement penaltiesCopyright Ordinance (Chapter 40.24, Revised Edition 2008), s. 2 (penalties for dealing with infringing copies) | 1917-06-13 | |
| Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993, offences and penaltiesTuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993 (Act No. 4 of 1993), s. 33 (offences and penalties) | 1994-02-01 | |
| Uganda ug 1 instrument | ||
| Computer Misuse Act, 2011, unauthorised accessComputer Misuse Act, 2011 (Act 2 of 2011; Chapter 96), s. 11 (unauthorised access), as amended by the Computer Misuse (Amendment) Act, 2022 | 2011-04-15[struck down] | |
| Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006, fair useCopyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006, s. 15 (fair use) | 2006-08-04 | |
| Ukraine ua 3 instruments | ||
| Copyright Law, Sui Generis Database RightLaw of Ukraine No. 2811-IX, art. 21 (database sui generis right) | 2023-03-31 | |
| Criminal Code, Creation and Distribution of Malicious SoftwareCriminal Code of Ukraine, Law No. 2341-III, art. 361-1 (malicious software) | 2004-12-23 | |
| Criminal Code, Unauthorized Interference with Information SystemsCriminal Code of Ukraine, Law No. 2341-III, art. 361 (unauthorized interference) | 2022-03-24 | |
| United Arab Emirates ae 3 instruments | ||
| Federal Decree-Law on Combating Rumours and Cybercrime, hacking offencesFederal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021, Arts. 1-3 (Hacking) | 2022-01-02 | |
| Federal Decree-Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, protection exclusions and limitationsFederal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2021, Arts. 3, 22, 24 | 2022-01-02 | |
| Federal Decree-Law on the Protection of Personal Data, reach over scraped public personal dataFederal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021, Art. 4 (reach over scraped public personal data) | 2022-01-02 | |
| United Kingdom gb 3 instruments | ||
| Database RightCopyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, SI 1997/3032, regs. 12, 13, 16 and 17 | 1998-01-01 | |
| Text and Data Mining for Non-Commercial ResearchCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, c. 48, s. 29A | 2014-06-01 | |
| Unauthorised Access to Computer MaterialComputer Misuse Act 1990, c. 18, ss. 1 and 17(5), (8) | not recorded | |
| United States us 2 instruments | ||
| Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (unauthorized access and the gates-based authorization test)18 U.S.C. § 1030 | 1984-10-12 | |
| Digital Millennium Copyright Act, anti-circumvention provisions17 U.S.C. § 1201 | 1998-10-28 | |
| Uruguay uy 3 instruments | ||
| Código Penal arts. 297 bis, 297 ter, 297 quater, 358 quater, and 358 quinquies, computer-offence provisions inserted by Ley N° 20.327Ley N° 20.327, de 25 de septiembre de 2024, arts. 6 y 8, Código Penal arts. 297 bis, 297 ter, 297 quater, 358 quinquies | not recorded | |
| Ley N° 9.739 art. 5, compilation and database copyright protectionLey N° 9.739, de 17 de diciembre de 1937, art. 5 | not recorded | |
| Ley N° 9.739 arts. 44-45, illicit-reproduction rule and free-use exceptions for quotation and newsLey N° 9.739, de 17 de diciembre de 1937, arts. 44 y 45 | not recorded | |
| Uzbekistan uz 1 instrument | ||
| Law on Personal Data, publicly available personal dataLaw No. ZRU-547 (2 July 2019), Art. 29 | 2019-10-01 | |
| Vanuatu vu 1 instrument | ||
| Cybercrime Act 2021, computer-access and interference offencesCybercrime Act No. 22 of 2021 (Vanuatu) | 2021-09-22 | |
| Vatican City State va 2 instruments | ||
| Copyright and related rights by reference to Italian law (Legge N. CXCVII)Legge N. CXCVII, Legge sulla protezione del diritto di autore sulle opere dell'ingegno e dei diritti connessi, 1 settembre 2017 | 2017-10-01 | |
| Unauthorised access to a protected computer or telematic system (Legge N. DXXXI, arts. 158 ter-158 quater)Legge N. DXXXI, recante modifiche al Codice Penale e al Codice di Procedura Penale, 6 settembre 2022, artt. 158 ter, 158 quater | 2022-09-15 | |
| Venezuela ve 2 instruments | ||
| Ley Especial contra los Delitos Informáticos, unauthorized access and sabotage of systems (Arts. 6-11)LECDI, Gaceta Oficial N° 37.313, 30/10/2001, arts. 6-11 | 2001-11-29 | |
| Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, compilations and databases (Art. 3)Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor, 14/08/1993, art. 3 | not recorded | |
| Vietnam vn 1 instrument | ||
| Law on Cybersecurity, unauthorized access prohibitionLaw No. 24/2018/QH14 (Law on Cybersecurity), art. 8(3), art. 9 | 2019-01-01 | |
| Zambia zm 1 instrument | ||
| Cyber Crimes Act, 2025, unauthorised access to computer system and dataCyber Crimes Act, 2025 (Act No. 4 of 2025), s. 3 | 2025-05-12 | |
| Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Act, 2021, unauthorised access to computer system and data (repealed)Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Act, 2021 (Act No. 2 of 2021), s. 49 | 2021-04-01[repealed] | |
| Zimbabwe zw 1 instrument | ||
| Cyber and Data Protection Act, Insertion of Computer-Misuse Offences into the Criminal Law CodeCyber and Data Protection Act [Chapter 12:07] (No. 5 of 2021), s. 35, substituting ss. 163-166 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] | 2022-03-11 | |
United States: states and territories94 in 52 places
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